Table 1.
Background Information for the Included Studies
| Year | Source | n* | Clinical Trial Type | Location/Population | Qualitative/Quantitative | Actual/Hypothetical |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Stunkel et al.24 | 138 | Phase I bioequivalence study | US drug study participants | Quantitative | Actual |
| 2008 | Mtunthama et al.18 | 81 | Bronchoscopy studies | Malawi | Qualitative, Quantitative | Actual |
| 2007 | Almeida et al.13 | 136 | Various Phase I drug studies | Portugal | Quantitative | Actual |
| 2007 | Kass et al.17 | 60 (23 employees, 37 community volunteers) | Various clinical research studies | US: University employees and volunteers; all clinical study participants | Qualitative, Quantitative | Actual |
| 1997 | Hermann et al.23 | 440 | Various pharmacology studies | Germany | Quantitative | Actual |
| 1994 | Cunny and Miller15 | 263 (195 participants, 68 nonparticipants) | Clinical drug study | US: Volunteers and university students; both drug study participants and refusers | Quantitative | Hypothetical, Actual |
| 1993 | van Gelderen et al.20 | 144 (76% aged 18-30 years, 17%≥61 years) | Various studies of food ingredients, lipase inhibitors, enteric coated analgesic and antiphlogistic drugs | The Netherlands | Quantitative | Actual |
| 1990 | Bigorra and Baños14 | 319 (250 medical students, 90 experienced healthy volunteers) | Phase I clinical trial | Spain: Medical students and experienced volunteers | Quantitative | Hypothetical, Actual |
| 1990 | Vrhovac et al.21 | 97 | Various bioequivalence and bioavailability studies | Yugoslavia | Quantitative | Actual |
| 1978 | Walsh and Nash22 | 70 (37 inmates who had previously volunteered for phase I drug testing, 33 inmates who had not previously volunteered) | Phase I drug testing | US: Inmates ; some were phase I drug testing participants | Qualitative, Quantitative | Hypothetical |
| 1977 | Hassar et al.16 | 79 | Phase I and Phase IV clinical drug trials | US: Pharmaceutical employees and university students; all pharmacologic study participants | Quantitative | Actual |
| 1977 | Novak et al.19 | 480 (120 students, 120 employees, 120 old inmates, 120 new inmates) | Experimental drug study (administered 4×/day for 10 days with 200 mL total blood drawn) | US: University students, industrial employees, and inmates; some were clinical trial participants | Quantitative | Hypothetical |