Table 4.
Levels of Metabolic Biomarkers by Diastolic LV Function Class
| Metabolic Biomarker | Normal (n=538) | Abnormal (n=173) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acids | |||
| 2‐Aminobutyrate | 17.7±1.09 | 17.4±0.82 | 0.0003 |
| 4‐Aminobutyrate | 6.97±0.50 | 6.80±0.50 | 0.0001 |
| Alanine | 12.3±0.63 | 12.2±0.51 | 0.0058 |
| Aspartate | 5.46±0.73 | 5.46±0.58 | 0.95 |
| Glutamate | 9.26±1.12 | 9.06±0.77 | 0.0088 |
| Glycine | 1.28±0.16 | 1.29±0.16 | 0.62 |
| Glutamine | 10.4±1.48 | 10.2±1.18 | 0.018 |
| Isoleucine | 12.6±0.59 | 12.5±0.57 | 0.075 |
| Leucine | 33.4±2.51 | 32.7±1.86 | 0.0002 |
| Phenylalanine | 2.92±0.62 | 2.91±0.58 | 0.83 |
| Threonine | 2.31±0.27 | 2.35±0.24 | 0.098 |
| Tyrosine | 2.36±0.35 | 2.29±0.25 | 0.0045 |
| Valine | 9.65±0.46 | 9.51±0.46 | 0.0009 |
| Lipids | |||
| Fatty acids with α‐CH2 | 10.6±0.89 | 10.8±0.78 | 0.0057 |
| Fatty acids with (‐CH2‐)n | 51.2±6.59 | 51.3±5.51 | 0.81 |
| Fatty acids with =CH‐CH2‐CH2= +citrate | 16.7±1.89 | 17.0±1.34 | 0.019 |
| Fatty acids with –CH3 | 64.8±6.83 | 64.2±4.52 | 0.20 |
| Fatty acids with =CH‐CH2‐CH2‐ | 36.1±1.23 | 36.0±1.09 | 0.52 |
| Fatty acids with –CH=CH | 11.1±2.62 | 11.8±2.42 | 0.0016 |
| HDL apolipoproteins | 46.0±6.96 | 44.6±5.65 | 0.0099 |
| Cholesterol | 22.6±4.88 | 21.9±2.73 | 0.012 |
| Valerate | 35.7±7.91 | 38.5±8.03 | <0.0001 |
| Fatty acids with β‐CH2 | 39.7±2.00 | 39.7±1.22 | 0.75 |
| 3‐Hydroxybutyrate | 18.4±2.30 | 18.5±3.59 | 0.82 |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| α‐Glucose | 2.27±0.42 | 2.39±0.56 | 0.010 |
| Glucose+taurine | 9.31±1.21 | 9.26±1.19 | 0.61 |
| Glucose | 20.2±2.18 | 20.6±2.67 | 0.048 |
| Glycoprotein | 15.5±0.79 | 15.9±1.09 | 0.0003 |
| Organic acids | |||
| Acetate | 5.36±0.31 | 5.29±0.42 | 0.037 |
| 4‐Hydroxybutyrate | 16.0±1.29 | 15.6±0.91 | <0.0001 |
| Lactate | 13.7±2.49 | 14.7±2.47 | <0.0001 |
| 2‐Oxobutyrate | 4.67±0.62 | 4.83±0.49 | 0.0006 |
| Other metabolites | |||
| Creatinine | 2.84±0.21 | 2.83±0.16 | 0.26 |
| Choline | 3.31±1.09 | 3.21±0.38 | 0.055 |
| Ethanolamine | 0.81±0.15 | 0.83±0.13 | 0.89 |
| Trimethylamine | 0.55±0.13 | 0.54±0.12 | 0.45 |
| Glycerol | 1.91±0.38 | 1.91±0.16 | 0.72 |
| Ethanol | 4.55±0.52 | 4.52±0.38 | 0.50 |
| Creatine+creatine‐phosphate | 1.49±0.14 | 1.47±0.12 | 0.027 |
| Phosphocholine | 6.50±1.09 | 6.17±1.05 | 0.0006 |
| Glucose+2‐aminobutyrate | 6.16±0.57 | 6.29±0.73 | 0.044 |
| Glucose+glutamine | 6.08±0.56 | 6.16±0.53 | 0.11 |
| Glucose+2‐phosphoglycerate | 1.42±0.13 | 1.43±0.13 | 0.31 |
| Unknown molecule | 3.56±0.31 | 3.55±0.29 | 0.55 |
Diastolic dysfunction includes an abnormally low age‐specific transmitral E/A ratio without increased LV filling pressures (E/e’ ≤8.5) or an elevated LV filling pressure (E/e’ >8.5) with normal or low age‐specific E/A (see references 4 and 5). P values denote the significance of the differences between groups. LV indicates left ventricular.