Table 5.

Covariates Selected by Step‐wise Regression

Variables	E Peak	A Peak	E/A	e’	a’	e’/a’	E/e’
R 2	0.27	0.68	0.66	0.75	0.50	0.72	0.46
Female sex (0, 1)	9.284§	5.944§	—	−0.354†	−0.950§	0.078‡;	1.109§
Age (+15.4 y)	−6.478§	9.972§	−0.316§	−2.380§	1.248§	−0.453§	0.811§
Body mass index (+4.3 kg/m2)	—	3.188§	−0.077§	−0.630§	0.385§	−0.138§	0.291§
Mean arterial pressure (+10.4 mm Hg)	—	1.943§	−0.024†	−0.308§	—	−0.035†	0.320§
Heart rate (+9.6 bpm)	−3.085§	3.554§	−0.131§	−0.252§	0.689§	−0.117§	−0.122*
Total cholesterol (+0.95 mmol/L)	−1.127†	—	−0.029‡;	−0.200‡;	0.173‡;	−0.063§	—
Log γ‐glutamyltransferase (×2)	—	−5.843*	—	−2.571§	0.938*	−0.290†	—
Fasting plasma glucose (+0.77 mmol/L)	0.835*	—	—	0.115*	—	—	0.109*
LVMI (+21.9 g/m2)	—	—	—	−0.332§	−0.237‡;	—	0.360§
On treatment with diuretics (0, 1)	—	—	—	−0.452*	−0.420*	—	0.932§
On treatment with β‐blockers (0, 1)	—	2.302*	−0.068†	−0.457†	−0.698§	—	—
On treatment with RAAS inhibitors (0, 1)	−4.858†	—	—	—	—	—	−0.495†

Variables considered for entry into the models included sex, age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, total cholesterol, γ‐glutamyltransferase (as index of alcohol intake), fasting plasma glucose, LVMI, and treatment with diuretics (thiazides, loop diuretics and aldosterone antagonists), β‐blockers, inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin system (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin type‐1 receptor blockers), and vasodilators (calcium‐channel blockers and α‐blockers). P values for variables to enter and stay in the regression models were set at 0.15. LVMI left ventricular mass index; RAAS, renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system.

Significance of the association: *0.05<P≤0.15; ^† P≤0.05; ^‡; P≤0.01; ^§ P≤0.001.