Table 2.
Subgroup Analyses of 6 Diseases
| Subgroup | Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage | Arrhythmia and Cardiac Arrest | Neonatal Mortality | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | |
| Outcome adjustment | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted | 14 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 18.0 | 0.26 | 6 | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | 68.9 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 2.1 | 0.39 |
| Unadjusted | 3 | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) | 0.0 | 0.39 | 4 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 91.8 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) | 51.3 | 0.08 |
| Data source | ||||||||||||
| Administrative data | 12 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 9.3 | 0.35 | 6 | 1.22 (1.13–1.30) | 40.7 | 0.13 | 8 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 72.3 | <0.001 |
| Clinical registry | 5 | 1.23 (0.87–1.72) | 20.3 | 0.29 | 4 | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 93.3 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 52.3 | 0.15 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| North America | 9 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 24.9 | 0.22 | 6 | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | 71.5 | <0.001 | 8 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 72.1 | <0.001 |
| Europe and Australia | 5 | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) | 32.3 | 0.21 | 3 | 1.21 (1.10–1.34) | 42.4 | 0.18 | 2 | 1.08 (0.97–1.12) | 18.1 | 0.27 |
| Others | 3 | 0.98 (0.67–1.44) | 0.0 | 0.75 | 1 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Mortality | ||||||||||||
| In‐hospital mortality | 14 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 0.0 | 0.47 | 9 | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | 68.1 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 30‐day mortality | 3 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 55.1 | 0.11 | 1 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 7‐day mortality | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Type of off‐hour | ||||||||||||
| Weekend and night | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 5.73 (2.32–14.15) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Weekend | 17 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 9.9 | 0.34 | 9 | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | 86.2 | 0.00 | 10 | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 67.8 | 0.00 |
| Night | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Subgroup | Myocardial Infarction | Stroke | COPD | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | No. of Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P Value | |
| Outcome adjustment | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted | 42 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 74.0 | <0.001 | 23 | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | 80.6 | <0.001 | 11 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.2 | 0.43 |
| Unadjusted | 14 | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 42.0 | 0.04 | 9 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 34.9 | 0.14 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Data source | ||||||||||||
| Administrative data | 19 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 85.0 | <0.001 | 18 | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 82.8 | <0.001 | 11 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.2 | 0.43 |
| Clinical registry | 37 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 54.5 | <0.001 | 14 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 44.1 | 0.04 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| North America | 22 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 67.2 | <0.001 | 14 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 39.1 | 0.07 | 5 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 0.0 | 0.91 |
| Europe and Australia | 24 | 1.08 (1.07–1.15) | 53.0 | <0.001 | 10 | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | 68.6 | <0.001 | 6 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 47.7 | 0.11 |
| Others | 10 | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 37.9 | 0.11 | 8 | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 60.9 | 0.01 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Mortality | ||||||||||||
| In‐hospital mortality | 42 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 62.5 | <0.001 | 19 | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 65.5 | <0.001 | 9 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 0.0 | 0.79 |
| 30‐day mortality | 14 | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 84.7 | <0.001 | 9 | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 40.2 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | NA | NA |
| 7‐day mortality | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 4 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 70.7 | 0.02 | 1 | 1.75 (0.75–4.11) | NA | NA |
| Type of off‐hour | ||||||||||||
| Weekend and night | 26 | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 58.0 | <0.001 | 7 | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 48.1 | 0.07 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Weekend | 24 | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 82.0 | <0.001 | 25 | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 79.1 | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Night | 6 | 1.38 (0.92–2.08) | 57.0 | 0.04 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
COPD indicates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.