Figure 1. A conceptual palette of immune interventions designed to mix potentially effective combined immunotherapies.

For immunomodulatory interventions to be effective a baseline immune response must be available. Such antitumor responses can be built up by means of vaccines, adoptive cell transfers or by enhancing tumor tissue immunogenicity using one or more of the f listed strategies. Manipulation of the tumor microenvironment appears to be most important to achieve the goal. Adapted from Meleroand colelagues (35).