Table 2.

Frailty and Physical Function

	ADHF	Stable HFpEF	Healthy	ADHF vs HFpEF; p-value	ADHF vs Healthy; p-value
Frailty Phenotype
Frail (≥ 3 of 5 domains met)	56%	0	0	<0.001	<0.001
Pre-frail (1-2 domains met)	41%	58%	10%	0.30	<0.001
Frailty domains
Slowness (gait speed)	74%	4%	0	<0.001	<0.001
Weakness (handgrip)	56%	11%	8%	<0.001	<0.001
Weight loss	0	0	2%	1.0	1.0
Exhaustion	85%	33%	0	<0.001	<0.001
Low physical activity	33%	25%	0	0.84	<0.001
Additional Frailty Criteria
Short Physical Performance Battery score < 6	56%	0	0	<0.001	<0.001
Gait speed < 0.8 m/s	81%	14%	0	<0.001	<0.001
Handgrip strength men <30 kg; women <20 kg	48%	9%	3%	<0.001	<0.001
Physical Function
Short Physical Performance Battery components
Chair rise score	0.7 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.9*	3.3 ± 0.7	< 0.01	< 0.01
Balance score	2.4 ± 1.4	3.7 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.2	< 0.01	< 0.01
Gait speed score	2.0 ± 1.2	3.7 ± 0.5	4.0 ± 0.0	< 0.01	< 0.01
Gait speed (m/s)	0.58 ± 0.23	0.98 ± 0.21*	1.22 ± 0.17	< 0.01	< 0.01
Handgrip strength (kg)
Men	30.3 ± 11.3	46.1 ± 8.0	52.4 ± 10.3	< 0.01	< 0.01
Women	20.7 ± 6.1	28.9 ± 9.4	27.6 ± 6.9	< 0.01	< 0.04

^*Chronic, stable HFpEF significantly different compared to Healthy (p ± 0.01). Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or percentage. For continuous variables, P-value is from analysis of covariance, with age and ejection fraction as covariates. For categorical variables, P-value is from Fisher's exact test. Bonferroni correction used for multiple comparisons.

Abbreviations: ADHF = acute decompensated heart failure; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction