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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2016 Apr;157(4):797–805. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000437

Fig. 4. Systemic physiological, electrophysiological and cerebral blood flow effects.

Fig. 4

A) The time course of arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during nVNS (n=12 stimulations) or iVNS (n=98 stimulations). Note that some error bars are too small to be visible. *p<0.05 vs. baseline (time 0); two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. B) Because CSD susceptibility testing was started simultaneously with the iVNS, some KCl-induced CSDs coincided with the 30 sec iVNS delivery. The duration of CSDs that occurred during iVNS (n=20) did not differ from those that occurred when iVNS was not on (n=32), although their amplitude was slightly larger. The significance of this finding, however, is unclear. *p<0.05 vs. during iVNS; two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. C) Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in a separate cohort of rats (n=4), and did not significantly change in either the right or left hemisphere during nVNS delivered on the right side.