|
Auty [33] 1998, Canada |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 198; response rate not given) |
MS diagnosis according to Poser criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients and family via Case Report Form; Clinical charts and summaries on medical history; Price lists; Market prices; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild $2,250; Moderate $1,969; Severe $7,233 |
Mean annual cost per patient: |
Mean annual cost per patient $29,109 |
|
EDSS ≤2.5 (n = 62); EDSS 3–6 (n = 68); EDSS ≥6.5 (n = 68) |
|
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild $912; Moderate $1,663; Severe $7,787 |
Mild $11,360; Moderate $18,068; Severe $22,002 |
Mild $14,522; Moderate $21,698; Severe $37,024 |
|
Berg [25] 2006, Sweden |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,339, 64% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists; Personal communication; Statistics on wages |
Direct health care costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €15,186 |
Mean annual cost per patient €17,151 |
Mean annual cost per patient €53,601 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (29%); EDSS 4–6.5 (45.5%); EDSS 7–9 (25.2%) |
RRMS Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €21,264 |
|
|
|
Casado [34] 2006, Spain |
MS patients recruited from one MS center (n = 200, 44% response rate) |
n/a |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Inpatient records; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages; Market prices for pharmaceuticals |
Direct costs, indirect costs, informal care costs |
Mean annual cost per patient €15,860 |
Mean annual cost per patient €8,412 |
Mean annual cost per patient €24,272 |
|
EDSS 0 (n = 23); EDSS 1–3 (n = 107); EDSS 3.5–5.5 (n = 42); EDSS 6–7 (n = 17); EDSS 7.5–9.5 (n = 11) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Stage 1 €8,706; Stage 2 €12,221; Stage 3 €18,724; Stage 4 €24,037; Stage 5 €37,062 |
Stage 1 €5,621; Stage 2 €6,616; Stage 3 €9,596; Stage 4 €17,161; Stage 5 €15,779 |
Stage 1 €14,327; Stage 2 €18,837; Stage 3 €27,869; Stage 4 €41,198; Stage 5 €52,841 |
|
Blahova Dusankova [26] 2012, Czech Republic |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 1,027, 89% response rate) |
Diagnosis of MS according to the 2005 revised McDonald criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Medical records; Price lists from health care |
Direct health care costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €6,296 |
Mean annual cost per patient €5,519 |
Mean annual cost per patient €12,272 |
|
EDSS 0–3.5 (n = 579); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 246); EDSS 7–9.5 (n = 87) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS/RPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €457 |
|
|
|
Henriksson [35] 2001, Sweden |
MS patients recruited from one MS center (n = 413, 76% response rate) |
Definite clinical MS according to Poser criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Medical records; Price lists from health care; Community price lists; Personal communication; Statistics on wages |
Direct costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Annual cost per patient €35,728 |
Annual cost per patient €17,518 |
Annual cost per patient €53,246 |
|
EDSS ≤3 (n = 126); EDSS 3.5–6 (n = 121); EDSS ≥6.5 (n = 162) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Johansson [37] 2012, France |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 248, 61% response rate) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care and insurance payer; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €15,445; Mild €13,242; Moderate €19,845; Severe €19,491 |
Mean annual cost per patient €3,022 |
Mean annual cost per patient €20,738 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 164); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 69); EDSS 7–9 (n = 11) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €2,271; Mild €1,051; Moderate €3,967; Severe €16,049 |
Mild €1,715; Moderate €5,440; Severe €8,448 |
Mild €16,009; Moderate €29,252; Severe €43,988 |
|
Karampampa [38] 2012, Canada |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 241, response rate not given) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from public sources; Price lists from private providers; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild $19,837; Moderate $14,058; Severe $9,478 |
Mean annual cost per patient |
Mean annual cost per patient $37,672 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 146); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 89); EDSS 7–9 (n = 5) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild $3,848; Moderate $12,712; Severe $44,022 |
Mild $7,151; Moderate $19,853; Severe $24,480 |
Mild $30,836; Moderate $46,622; Severe $77,981 |
|
Karampampa [39] 2012, Spain |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 324, 99% response rate) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Published literature; Price lists from public sources; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild €14,594; Moderate €18,924; Severe €15,845 |
Mean annual cost per patient |
Mean annual cost per patient €29,401 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 209); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 105); EDSS 7–9 (n = 10) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild €1,386; Moderate €12,441; Severe €22,910 |
Mild €4,680; Moderate €12,583; Severe €20,592 |
Mild €20,659; Moderate €43,948; Severe €59,347 |
|
Karampampa [40] 2012, Germany |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 244, 63% response rate) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from public sources; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild €16,954; Moderate; €17,841; Severe €30,348 |
Mean annual cost per patient |
Mean annual cost per patient |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 164); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 69); EDSS 7–9 (n = 11) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild €1,163; Moderate €12,373; Severe €22,926 |
Mild €3,057; Moderate €9,710; Severe €10,996 |
Mild €21,174; Moderate €39,923; Severe €64,270 |
|
Karampampa [41] 2012, Italy |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 251, 83% response rate) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from public sources; Regional tariffs; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild €21,418; Moderate €30,507; Severe €13,646 |
Mean annual cost per patient |
Mean annual cost per patient €26,041 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 203); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 44); EDSS 7–9 (n = 4) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild €447; Moderate €5,634; Severe €15,826 |
Mild €596; Moderate €5,185; Severe €10,120 |
Mild €22,461; Moderate €41,327; Severe €39,592 |
|
Karampampa [42] 2012, UK |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 194, 33% response rate) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from public sources; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical Mild £6,714; Moderate £8,101; Severe £6,059 |
Mean annual cost per patient |
Mean annual cost per patient £21,512 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 77); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 110); EDSS 7–9 (n = 7) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical Mild £1,913; Moderate £10,299; Severe £41,242 |
Mild £3,214; Moderate £7,494; Severe £11,717 |
Mild £11,841; Moderate £25,894; Severe £59,018 |
|
Karampampa [43] 2013, The Netherlands |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 263, response rate not given) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10; G35, ICD-9; 340) |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €12,265; Mild €11,274; Moderate €13,668; Severe €13,978 |
Mean annual cost per patient €20,284 |
Mean annual cost per patient €47,173 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 122); EDSS 4–6.5 (n = 112); EDSS 7–9 (n = 29) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €14,624; Mild €4,951; Moderate €14,967; Severe €52,303 |
Mild €14,714; Moderate €22,421; Severe €34,188 |
Mild €30,938; Moderate €51,056; Severe €100,469 |
|
Kobelt [44] 2006, The Netherlands |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 1,549, 52% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs including friction costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €8,371 |
Mean annual cost per patient €13,476 |
Mean annual cost per patient €29,423 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (47.9%); EDSS 4–6.5 (39.6%); EDSS 7–9.5 (11.2%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non—medical €7,576 |
Friction cost €611 |
Friction cost €16,600
|
|
Kobelt [45] 2006, Switzerland |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,101, 44% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Personal communication; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €11,237 |
Mean annual cost per patient €15,928 |
Mean annual cost per patient €41,873 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (38.3%); EDSS 4–6.5 (35.8%); EDSS 7–9 (22.8%); EDSS 8–9 (14.3%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €14,708 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [46] 2006, UK |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 2,048, 16% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Published literature; Market prices; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical £6,810 |
Mean annual cost per patient £11,174 |
Mean annual cost per patient £30,263 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (21.3%); EDSS 4–6.5 (59.6%); EDSS 7–9 (19.1%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical £12,298 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [47] 2006, Austria |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,019, 34% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Personal communication; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €17,302 |
Mean annual cost per patient €14,657 |
Mean annual cost per patient €40,309 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (40.6%); EDSS 4–6.5 (35.6%); EDSS 7–9.5 (22.2%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €8,351 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [48] 2006, Germany |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (53%) and from one database (47%) (n = 2,793, 38% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Personal communication; Market prices; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €17,165 |
Mean annual cost per patient €16,911 |
Mean annual cost per patient €39,998 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (47.4%); EDSS 4–6.5 (35.6%); EDSS 7–9.5 (12%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €5,922 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [49] 2006, Italy |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 921, 52% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Personal communication; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €11,111 |
Mean annual cost per patient €11,310 |
Mean annual cost per patient €38,845 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (31.3%); EDSS 4–6.5 (47.2%); EDSS 7–9.5 (19.6%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €16,424 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [50] 2006, Belgium |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 799, 38% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €12,020 |
Mean annual cost per patient €11,604 |
Mean annual cost per patient €32,466 |
|
EDSS 0–3.5 (45.5%); EDSS 4–6.5 (32.2%); EDSS 7–9.5 (19.7%) |
RRMS; Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €8,842 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [51] 2006, Spain |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,848, 32% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Direct medical €12,142 |
Mean annual cost per patient €8,775 |
Mean annual cost per patient €33,456 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (36.1%); EDSS 4–6.5 (44.8%); EDSS 7–9 (17.7%) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
Direct non-medical €12,540 |
|
|
|
Kobelt [52] 2006, US |
MS patients randomly selected from one register (n = 1,909, 48% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from public sources; Personal communication; Statistics on wages; WTP/QALY |
Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, intangible costs |
Mean annual cost per patient $29,634 |
Mean annual cost per patient $17,581 |
Mean annual cost per patient $47,215 |
|
EDSS ≤3.5 (34.8%); EDSS 4–6 (42.7%); EDSS ≥6.5 (22.1%) |
PPMS, RRMS, SPMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kobelt [53] 2009, France |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,355, 34% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages |
Direct costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient €23,654 |
Mean annual cost per patient €20,730 |
Mean annual cost per patient €44,384 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (n = 529); EDSS 4–5 (n = 315); EDSS 6–7 (n = 354); EDSS 8–9 (n = 136) |
RRMS, Progressive MS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
McCrone [54] 2008, UK |
MS patients recruited from patients´ organization register (n = 1,942, 49% response rate) |
MS according to patients’ own estimates |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct costs (service costs), indirect costs (lost employment) |
Mean 6.monthly cost £8,397 |
Mean 6.monthly cost £4,240 |
Mean 6.monthly cost £12,655 |
|
GNDS 0–9 (n = 192); GNDS 10–19 (n = 694); GNDS 20–29 (n = 734); GNDS 30–39 (n = 265); GNDS ≥40 (n = 43) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, Benign MS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orlewska [57] 2005, Poland |
MS patients recruited from MS centers (n = 148, response rate not given) |
Definite MS according to Poser criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Market prices; Statistics on wages |
Direct costs, indirect costs |
Mean cost per patient per 5 months |
Mean cost per patient per 5 months |
Mean cost per patient per 5 months |
|
EDSS <3.5 (n = 57); EDSS 4–6 (n = 56); EDSS >6.5 (n = 35) |
RRMS, SPMS |
|
|
|
Mild 4,069 PLN; Moderate 5,399 PLN; Severe 6,010 PLN |
Mild 6,886 PLN; Moderate 10,204 PLN; Severe 12,454 PLN |
Mild 10,954 PLN; Moderate 15,603 PLN; Severe 18,464 PLN |
|
Palmer [58] 2013, Australia |
MS patients recruited from register (n = 712, 28% response rate) |
Self-reported MS |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire and diary; Price lists from health care; Statistics on wages |
Direct personal costs, direct community/ governmental costs, nursing home and equivalent costs, informal care, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient: Personal AUD 3,697; Community AUD 10,721; Nursing home AUD 4,384; Informal care AUD 6,857 |
Mean annual cost per patient AUD 23,286 |
Mean annual cost per patient AUD 48,945 |
|
EDSS 1–3; EDSS 4–6; EDSS 6.5–9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reese [59] 2011, Germany |
MS patients recruited from one MS center (n = 144, 77% response rate) |
Definite MS according to McDonald diagnostic criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Price lists from health care; Price lists from companies; Published literature; Statistics on wages |
Direct medical costs, indirect costs |
Mean cost per patient per 3 months €5,483 |
Mean cost per patient per 3 months €4,846 |
Mean cost per patient per 3 months €10, 329 |
|
EDSS 0–1.5; EDSS 2–3.5; EDSS 4–5.5; ESSS 6–8.5 |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Svendsen [27] 2012, Norway |
MS patients from one patient organization register and data from national registers (n = 423, 80% response rate) |
Definite MS according to Poser criteria |
Bottom up/Top down, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaires; Price lists from health care; Medical records; Registers; Statistics on cost of labor |
Direct costs, indirect costs |
Annual cost to the society €171,387,000 |
Annual cost to the society €,267,588,000 |
Mean annual cost per patient €65,037 |
|
EDSS 0–3 (43.5%); EDSS 4–6.5 (43%); EDSS 7–9 (13.5%) |
RRMS, PPMS/SPMS |
|
|
|
|
|
Annual cost to the society €438,975,000 |
|
Taylor [61] 2007, Australia |
MS patients recruited from one MS center (n = 100, response rate not given) |
Definite MS according to Poser and Rose criteria, and reclassified according to McDonald criteria |
Bottom up, Prevalence |
Patients via questionnaire; Data sources for costs not given |
Direct costs, indirect costs |
Mean annual cost per patient AU$20,396 |
Mean annual cost per patient AU$15,085 |
Mean annual cost per patient AU$35,481 |
|
EDSS 0–2.5 (n = 30); EDSS 3–4.5 (n = 29); EDSS 5–6.5 (n = 22); EDSS ≥7 (n = 19) |
RRMS, SPMS, PPMS |
|
|
|
EDSS 0–2.5 AU$18,568; EDSS 3–4.5 AU$15,504; EDSS 5–6.5 AU$20,159; EDSS ≥ 7 AU$31,025 |
|
|
|
Jennum [24] 2012, Denmark |
MS patients from a national database (n = 10,849) |
MS diagnosis (ICD-10) |
Top down, Prevalence |
Registers on use and costs of health care; Social statistics data |
Direct costs, indirect costs, social transfers |
Mean annual cost per patient €3,465 |
Mean annual cost per patient €11,110 |
Mean annual cost per patient €14,575 |
