Table 1. Average values of richness and nestedness microbiome.

Average ± Standard Error (SE) of richness of microbiome of nest material (NM), uropygial secretion (US), cloaca (C) and eggshell (ES) of hoopoes. We also show average values (± SE) of degree of nestedness (NODF index) between pairs of microbiomes, excluding those with nest material (see Material and Methods). All these values were estimated for all studied nests (N = 24), and separately for nests with control (N = 12) and experimental (N = 12) materials. Results from statistical comparisons between control and experimental nests are also shown.

	All nests	Control	Experimental	F1,22	P
Microbiome Richness
Nest material (NM)	9.46 (2.04)	16.50 (2.67)	2.42 (1.12)	23.72	0.001
Uropygial secretion (US)	22.17 (1.87)	22.83 (2.92)	21.50 (2.47)	0.12	0.730
Cloaca (C)	6.71 (1.10)	6.17 (1.60)	7.25 (1.55)	0.24	0.632
Eggshells (ES)	7.04 (4.67)	9.08 (1.64)	5.00 (0.60)	5.49	0.029
Microbiome Nestedness
NODF [US(C)]	24.32 (5.81)	17.15 (6.47)	31.5 (9.50)	1.56	0.225
NODF [ES(US)]	28.23 (4.33)	30.14 (6.78)	26.32 (5.64)	0.19	0.669
NODF [ES(C)]	43.12 (8.15)	37.30 (10.45)	49.00(12.76)	0.50	0.491

Average ± Standard Error (SE) of richness of microbiome of nest material (NM), uropygial secretion (US), cloaca (C) and eggshell (ES) of hoopoes. We also show average values (±SE) of degree of nestedness (NODF index) between pairs of microbiomes, excluding those with nest material (see Material and Methods). All these values were estimated for all studied nests (N = 24), and separately for nests with control (N = 12) and experimental (N = 12) materials. Results from statistical comparisons between control and experimental nests are also shown.