Extended Data Table 1.
Sample Code | Data source | Country | Lat. | Long. | Cal BP 95.4% | Date type (ref.) | Culture | Remain | SNP Panel | Sex | mtDNA haplogroup | Y chrom. haplogroup | Genetic Cluster | Damage restrict | Mean coverage+ | SNPs covered |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UstIshim | 1 | Russia | 57.43 | 71.10 | 47,480-42,560 | Direct-UF (1) | Unassigned | Femur | Shotgun | M | R | K (xLT) | Unassigned | No | 42 | 2,137,615 |
Oase1 | 2 | Romania | 45.12 | 21.90 | 41,640-37,580 | Direct-UF (3) | Unassigned | Mandible | Shotgun | M | N | F | Unassigned | Yes | 0.156 | 285,076 |
Kostenki14* | New | Russia | 51.23 | 39.30 | 38,680-36,260 | Direct-UF (4) | Unassigned | Tibia | 3.7M | M | U2 | C1b | Unassigned | No | 16.1 | 1,774,156 |
GoyetQ116-1 | New | Belgium | 50.26 | 4.28 | 35,160-34,430 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Aurignacian | Humerus | 1240k | M | M | C1a | Unassigned | No | 1.046 | 846,983 |
Muierii2 | New | Romania | 45.11 | 23.46 | 33,760-32,840 | Direct-UF (6) | Unassigned | Temporal | 3.7M | F | U6 | Unassigned | Yes | 0.049 | 98,618 | |
Paglicci133 | New | Italy | 41.65 | 15.61 | 34,580-31,210 | Layer (7) | Gravettian | Tooth | 1240k | M | U8c | I | Vestonice | No | 0.041 | 82,330 |
Cioclovina1 | New | Romania | 45.35 | 23.84 | 33,090-31,780 | Direct-UF (8) | Unassigned | Cranium | 1240k | M | U | CT | Unassigned | Yes | 0.006 | 12,784 |
Kostenki12 | New | Russia | 51.23 | 39.30 | 32,990-31,840 | Layer (9) | Unassigned | Cranium | 3.7M | M | U2 | CT | Unassigned | No | 0.03 | 61,228 |
KremsWA3 | New | Austria | 48.41 | 15.59 | 31,250-30,690 | Layer (10) | Gravettian | Cranium | 1240K | M | U5 | Vestonice | No | 0.11 | 203,986 | |
Vestonice13 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 31,070-30,670 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U8c | CT(notIJK) | Vestonice | Yes | 0.071 | 139,568 |
Vestonice15 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 31,070-30,670 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U5 | BT | Vestonice | Yes | 0.015 | 30,900 |
Vestonice14 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 31,070-30,670 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 390k | M | U | Vestonice | Yes | 0.003 | 5,677 | |
Pavlov1 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 31,110-29,410 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U5 | C1a2 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.028 | 57,005 |
Vestonice43 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 30,710-29,310 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U | F | Vestonice | Yes | 0.087 | 163,946 |
Vestonice16 | New | Czech | 48.53 | 16.39 | 30,710-29,310 | Layer (9) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U5 | IJK | Vestonice | No | 1.31 | 945,292 |
Ostuni2 | New | Italy | 40.73 | 17.57 | 29,310-28,640 | Direct-UF (New) | Gravettian | Femur | 3.7M | F | U2 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.008 | 17,017 | |
GoyetQ53-1 | New | Belgium | 50.26 | 4.28 | 28,230-27,720 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Gravettian | Fibula | 1240k | F | U2 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.006 | 12,567 | |
Paglicci108 | New | Italy | 41.65 | 15.61 | 28,430-27,070 | Layer (5) | Gravettian | Phalanx | 1240k | F | U2′3′4′7′8′9 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.002 | 4,330 | |
Ostuni1 | New | Italy | 40.73 | 17.57 | 27,810-27,430 | Direct-UF (New) | Gravettian | Tibia | 3.7M | F | M | Vestonice | Yes | 0.245 | 369,313 | |
GoyetQ376-19 | New | Belgium | 50.26 | 4.28 | 27,720-27,310 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Gravettian | Humerus | 1240k | F | U2 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.012 | 25,400 | |
GoyetQ56-16 | New | Belgium | 50.26 | 4.28 | 26,600-26,040 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Gravettian | Fibula | 1240k | F | U2 | Vestonice | Yes | 0.005 | 9,988 | |
Malta1 | 11 | Russia | 52.9 | 103.5 | 24,520-24,090 | Direct-UF (11) | Unassigned | Humerus | Shotgun | M | U | R | Mal’ta | No | 1.174 | 1439501 |
ElMiron | New | Spain | 43.26 | −3.45 | 18,830-18,610 | Direct-UF (5) | Magdalenian | Toe | 3.7M | F | U5b | El Mirón | Yes | 1.012 | 797,714 | |
AfontovaGora3 | New | Russia | 56.05 | 92.87 | 16,930-16,490 | Layer (5) | Unassigned | Tooth | 3.7M | F | R1b | Mal’ta | Yes | 0.17 | 286,355 | |
AfontovaGora2 | 11 | Russia | 56.05 | 92.87 | 16,930-16,490 | Direct-UF (11) | Unassigned | Humerus | Shotgun | M | Mal’ta | No | 0.071 | 143,751 | ||
Rigney1 | New | France | 47.23 | 6.10 | 15,690-15,240 | Direct-NotUF (12) | Magdalenian | Mandible | 1240k | F | U2′3′4′7′8′9 | El Mirón | Yes | 0.017 | 35,600 | |
HohleFels49 | New | Germany | 48.22 | 9.45 | 16,000-14,260 | Layer (13) | Magdalenian | Femur | 390k | M | U8a | I | El Mirón | Yes | 0.033 | 63,151 |
GoyetQ-2 | New | Belgium | 50.26 | 4.28 | 15,230-14,780 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Magdalenian | Humerus | 1240k | M | U8a | HIJK | El Mirón | Yes | 0.035 | 72,263 |
Brillenhohle | New | Germany | 48.24 | 9.46 | 15,120-14,440 | Direct-UF (14) | Magdalenian | Cranium | 390k | M | U8a | El Mirón | Yes | 0.006 | 13,459 | |
HohleFels79 | New | Germany | 48.22 | 9.45 | 15,070-14,270 | Direct-UF (5) | Magdalenian | Cranium | 390k | M | U8a | El Mirón | Yes | 0.005 | 11,211 | |
Burkhardtshohle | New | Germany | 48.32 | 9.35 | 15,080-14,150 | Direct-UF (15) | Magdalenian | Cranium | 1240k | M | U8a | I | El Mirón | Yes | 0.018 | 38,376 |
Villabruna | New | Italy | 46.15 | 12.21 | 14,180-13,780 | Direct-UF (16) | Epigravettian | Femur | 3.7M | M | U5b2b | R1b1 | Villabruna | No | 3.137 | 1,215,433 |
Bichon | 17 | Switzerland | 47.01 | 6.79 | 13,770-13,560 | Direct-UF (17) | Azilian | Petrous | Shotgun | M | U5b1h | I2 | Villabruna | No | 8.119 | 2,116,782 |
Satsurblia | 17 | Georgia | 42.24 | 42.92 | 13,380-13,130 | Direct-UF (17) | Epigravettian | Petrous | Shotgun | M | K3 | J2 | Satsurblia | No | 1.195 | 1,460,368 |
Rochedane | New | France | 47.21 | 6.45 | 13,090-12,830 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Epipaleolithic | Mandible | 1240k | M | U5b2b | I | Villabruna | No | 0.131 | 237,390 |
Iboussieres39 | New | France | 44.29 | 4.46 | 12,040-11,410 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Epipaleolithic | Femur | 390k | M | U5b2b | Villabruna | Yes | 0.005 | 9,659 | |
Continenza | New | Italy | 41.96 | 13.54 | 11,200-10,510 | Layer (New) | Mesolithic | Cranium | 3.7M | F | U5b1 | Villabruna | Yes | 0.006 | 11,717 | |
Ranchot88 | New | France | 47.91 | 5.43 | 10,240-9,930 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Mesolithic | Cranium | 1240k | F | U5b1 | Villabruna | Yes | 0.322 | 414,863 | |
LesCloseaux13 | New | France | 48.52 | 2.11 | 10,240-9,560 | Direct-NotUF (18) | Mesolithic | Femur | 1240k | F | U5a2 | Villabruna | Yes | 0.004 | 8,635 | |
Kotias | 17 | Georgia | 42.13 | 43.12 | 9,890-9,550 | Direct-UF (17) | Mesolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | M | H13c | J | Satsurblia | No | 12.157 | 2,133,968 |
Falkenstein | New | Germany | 48.06 | 9.04 | 9,410-8,990 | Direct-UF (19) | Mesolithic | Fibula | 390k | M | U5a2c | F | Villabruna | Yes | 0.033 | 64,428 |
Karelia | 20 | Russia | 61.65 | 35.65 | 8,800-7,950 | Layer (21) | Mesolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | M | C1g | R1a1 | Unassigned | No | 1.952 | 1,754,410 |
Bockstein | New | Germany | 48.33 | 10.09 | 8,370-8,160 | Layer (22) | Mesolithic | Tooth | 390k | F | U5b1d1 | Villabruna | Yes | 0.011 | 21,977 | |
Ofnet | New | Germany | 48.49 | 10.27 | 8,430-8,060 | Layer (23) | Mesolithic | Tooth | 390k | F | U5b1d1 | Villabruna | Yes | 0.003 | 6,263 | |
Chaudardes1 | New | France | 49.24 | 3.46 | 8,360-8,050 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Mesolithic | Tibia | 1240k | M | U5b1b | I | Villabruna | Yes | 0.046 | 92,657 |
Loschbour | 24 | Luxembourg | 49.70 | 6.24 | 8,160-7,940 | Direct-UF (24) | Mesolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | M | U5b1a | I2a1b | Villabruna | No | 20 | 2,091,584 |
LaBrana1 | 25 | Spain | 42.93 | −5.35 | 7,940-7,690 | Direct-UF (26) | Mesolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | M | U5b2c1 | C1a2 | Villabruna | No | 3.338 | 1,884,745 |
Hungarian.KO1 | 27 | Hungarian | 47.93 | 21.20 | 7,730-7,590 | Direct-UF (27) | Neolithic | Petrous | Shotgun | M | R3 | I2a | Villabruna | No | 1.1 | 1,410,303 |
Motala12 | 24 | Sweden | 58.54 | 15.05 | 7,670-7,580 | Direct-UF (New) | Mesolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | M | U2e1 | I2a1b* | Unassigned | No | 2.185 | 1,874,519 |
BerryAuBac | New | France | 49.24 | 3.54 | 7,320-7,170 | Direct-NotUF (5) | Mesolithic | Radius | 1240k | M | U5b1a | I | Villabruna | No | 0.027 | 54,690 |
Stuttgart | 24 | Germany | 48.78 | 9.18 | 7,260-7,020 | Direct-UF (New) | Early Neolithic | Tooth | Shotgun | F | T2c1d1 | Unassigned | No | 19 | 2,078,724 |
Note: All dates are obtained as described in Supplementary Information section 1. When an individual has a direct date from an element from the same skeleton it is marked “Direct”, followed by a hyphen to indicate whether the date is obtained by ultrafiltration (“UF”) or without (“NotUF”). If the date is from the archaeological layers, we mark the date type as “Layer”. All the dates were calibrated using IntCal1328 and the OxCal4.2 program29.
We represent Kostenki14 in most analyses by our newly reported 16.1x capture data, but repeat key analyses on the previously reported 2.8x shotgun data30.
Mean coverage is computed on the 3.7M SNP targets.