Extended Data Table 6.

All European hunter-gatherers after Kostenki14 share genetic drift with present-day Europeans.We compute the statistic D(Han, Test; French, Mbuti). Measuring whether present-day French share more alleles with Han or with a Test population (restricting to ancient samples with at least 30,000 SNPs covered at least once). Present-day Europeans share significantly more genetic drift with European hunter-gatherers from Kostenki14 onward than they do with Han. Thus, by the date of Kostenki14, there was already West Eurasian-specific genetic drift.

Test	SNPs used	D-value	Z score
Ust’-Ishim	2,050,358	0.003	6.6
Oase1	278,785	0.005	10.6
Kostenki14	1,676,253	−0.002	−5.5
Muierii2	95,787	−0.004	−6.3
GoyetQ116-1	811,756	−0.004	−8.0
Kostenki12	59,850	−0.004	−5.1
Paglicci133	79,624	−0.004	−5.5
Vestonice13	136,598	−0.004	−7.1
Vestonice15	30,252	−0.006	−6.4
Vestonice16	914,141	−0.004	−9.1
Pavlov1	55,835	−0.005	−6.3
Vestonice43	160,463	−0.004	−6.9
KremsWA3	229,187	−0.005	−10.2
Ostuni1	360,347	−0.004	−8.6
Malta1	1,401,718	−0.005	−11.3
ElMiron	777,654	−0.007	−14.7
AfontovaGora2	141,073	−0.007	−13.6
AfontovaGora3	707,617	−0.006	−13.6
HohleFels49	62,816	−0.004	−5.2
Rigney1	34,445	−0.006	−6.1
GoyetQ-2	70,210	−0.006	−8.8
Burkhardtshohle	37,234	−0.006	−6.2
Villabruna	1,170,777	−0.010	−24.7
Bichon	2,034,069	−0.009	−23.6
Satsurblia	1,419,824	−0.005	−13.1
Rochedane	229,806	−0.011	−20.8
Ranchot88	402,274	−0.010	−21.8
Kotias	2,047,856	−0.006	−15.8
Falkenstein	64,043	−0.008	−11.6
Chaudardes1	90,047	−0.011	−16.0
Loschbour	2,037,082	−0.011	−25.4
LaBrana1	1,824,307	−0.009	−23.0
Motala12	1,816,201	−0.009	−23.8
Hungarian.KO1	1,372,801	−0.010	−26.5
Karelia	1,701,664	−0.009	−21.9
Stuttgart	2,023,939	−0.009	−23.9
BerryAuBac	53,028	−0.011	−14.0