Table 4.

Investigations on Campylobacter spp. prevalence in food-producing animals and animal source food products in the Caribbean 1995–2015, presented chronologically

Study date	Study location	Sampling site	Species, sample type and size	Campylobacter spp. prevalence and occurrence of other pathogenic bacteria	Reference
1995	Trinidad	A local abattoir (San Juan)—pig slaughter	141 samples each of pig rectal and tongue swabs and 150 tonsillar samples for Yersinia enterocolitica detection. Rectal swabs also cultured for Listeria and Campylobacter detection; 155 carcass swabs were included	Campylobacter Rectal swabs 54 % (75/139), 72/139 (51.8 %) positive for C. coli, 3 (2.2 %) positive for C. jejuni Carcass swabs 20 % (31/155), 27/155 (17.4 %) positive for C. coli 4/155 (2.6 %) positive for C. jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica 23/141 (16.1 %) and 9 (6.4 %) rectal and tongue swabs, from tonsillar samples; 7.3 % (11/150) were positive; all isolates were serotype O:3 Listeria monocytogenes 7/139 (5.0 %) of rectal swabs; 3/155 (1.9 %) of carcass swabs All L. monocytogenes isolates were serotype 4.	Adesiyun and Krishnan 1995
2003	Trinidad	Meat-processing plantassociated with a previous recall of three processed meat products (chicken franks, spice ham, and turkey ham ready-to eat) as a result of contamination by L. monocytogenes in 2003	Raw (11) and processed ready-to-eat meat products (32), air samples (4) food contact surfaces (10), fecal (34), and effluent (17) samples from the piggery located in close proximity to the plant; second sampling after implementation of sanitizing program on 5 raw products and 5 finished products	Campylobacter spp. 10/17 (58.8 %) effluent samples and 4/34 (11.8 %) fecal samples Salmonella negative for all air and food contact samples 11/32 (34.4 %) processed ready-to-eat samples positive for Salmonella and E. coli, Listeria spp., and Campylobacter spp., in combination or singly (not specified) Listeria spp., E. coli, Campylobacter negative for all air and food contact samples E. coli and Listeria spp 10/11 (90.9 %) raw meat products 11/32 (34.4 %) processed ready-to-eat samples positive for Salmonella and E. coli, Listeria spp., and Campylobacter spp., in combination or singly (not specified) After the sanitizing implementation Listeria 4/5 (80 %) raw products and 1/5 (20.0 %) finished products	Gibbons et al. 2006
2005	Barbados	Food animals were tested either while being reared on the farm or upon delivery to the abattoir for slaughter. On farms, fresh feces were collected from pigs, cows, and sheep Swabs from dogs and cats from the local Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), a private veterinary clinic, and various households. Samples from wild birds collected at a recreational shooting swamp. The wild birds tested included both migratory and resident birds; mongooses were trapped for an independent study being carried out by the Centere for Resource Management and Environmental Studies of the University of the West Indies. Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) were processed by the Barbados Primate Research Centre and Wildlife Reserve	Fecal specimens of 596 animals and 311 samples of animal food products Rectal swabs were obtained from 130 healthy and diarrheic dogs and 51 cats; cloacal swabs were obtained from 69 broiler chicks and from 61 wild birds Rectal swabs were also obtained from 9 mongooses and from 70 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) Various cuts of a range of fresh meats were purchased from 10 retail outlets on the island, ranging from small meat shops to large supermarkets Fresh, raw goat’s milk and fresh, pasteurized cow’s milk were also analyzed for Campylobacter contamination Tap water was tested on a monthly basis	462 (51 %) isolates of Campylobacter were recovered from animals and animal food products Chickens 94.2 %, pigs 90.5 %, dogs 46.9 %, cats 37.3 %, wild birds 39.3 %, monkeys 17.1 %, sheep 4.2 %, cows 0 % Chicken meat 58.4 %, pork 3.9 %, beef 1.8 %, turkey 5 %. C. jejuni was the most commonly identified species isolated from dogs, chickens, and chicken meat Pigs carried C. coli almost exclusively, C. upsaliensis was only isolated from dogs and cats, and C. helveticus was recovered from cats alone. UPTC strains were harbored exclusively by several wild birds	Workman et al. 2005
2006–2007	Grenada	Five chicken farms, 6-week broilers, and 72 weeks of age layers	Samples collected at each farm during processing (manually) ceca and layers; total 60 samples	93.3 % (56/60—43 isolated from broilers, 13 isolated from layers) Campylobacter jejuni 7 (12.5 %) Campylobacter coli 49 (87.5 %)	Miller et al. 2009
2006–2007	Grenada	10 chicken farms	Ceca samples from 125 chickens—77 broilers and 48 layers	79 % of the chickens positive; isolation rate of 93.5 % for broilers and 56.3 % for layers	Hariharan et al. 2009
2011	Grenada	21 family production units of sheep and goats from 6 parishes of Grenada and 8 production units from the island of Carriacou	Rectal swabs from 155 sheep and 252 goats. All animals clinically health and >6 month old	Campylobacter spp. 15 (3.7 %), of which C. jejuni 3.2 % in sheep and 3.1 % in goats C. coli 1.3 % in sheep and 0 % in goats Genotype study suggested sheep and goat clones specific to Grenada	Stone et al. 2014