Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes: pre- and postintervention questionnaire data according to randomisation.
| Control | Intervention | Mean difference (CI) | P ∧ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline n = 38 |
Week 12 n = 38 |
Baseline n = 32 |
Week 12 n = 32 |
|||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||
| ADKnowl: overall scorea | 60 (14.3) | 64 (14.2) | 62 (13.8) | 67 (10.4) | 1.7 (−1.7, 5.1) | 0.37 |
| ADKnowl: diet and food (item-set 10, 11, 12)a | 59 (16.0) | 60 (18.4) | 62 (17.4) | 67 (15.8)∗ | 5.1 (−0.9, 11.1) | 0.09 |
| ADKnowl: effects of physical activity (item-set 8, 9)a | 40 (26.7) | 42 (27.3) | 41 (26.2) | 47 (24.5) | 5.2 (−2.9, 13.4) | 0.31 |
| ADKnowl: reducing the risk of complications (item-set 1, 15, 16, 17)a | 88 (13.1) | 89 (12.6) | 89 (12.2) | 89 (10.4) | −0.7 (−5, 3.6) | 0.76 |
| DES5: setting and achieving goals (items 5–14)a | 3.8 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.5) | 0 (−.29, .29) | 0.99 |
|
| ||||||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Diabetes obstacles questionnaire (knowledge and beliefs scale)b | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.5 (1.0)∗ | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.01 |
| ADDQoL: average weighted impact scorec | −0.9 (1.0) | −0.6 (0.8) | −1.2 (1.3) | −1.0 (1.3) | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.2) | 0.28 |
| PHQ-9: overall scored | 6.2 (5.9) | 5.3 (4.7) | 8.3 (7.9) | 8.0 (8.1) | 3.4 (−0.2, 6.7) | 0.15 |
| SF36 health survey: overall score | 60 (23.8) | 69 (18.0) | 63 (27.9) | 63 (30.4) | −4.8 (−10.4, 0.7) | 0.09 |
| SF36 health survey: mental health | 69 (20.5) | 70 (17.0) | 65 (24.1) | 61 (28.7) | −4.7 (−10.8, 1.4) | 0.90 |
| SF36 health survey: physical health | 55 (25.2) | 61 (18.4) | 61 (26.8) | 60 (29.5) | −3.9 (−9.0, 1.0) | 0.12 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: physical function | 62 (31.1) | 68 (26.9) | 73 (29.7) | 73 (31.9) | −0.6 (−7.7, 6.4) | 0.86 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: role limitations due to physical health | 54 (44.4) | 72 (38.6) | 66 (44.2) | 61 (47.1) | −14.9 (−29.3, −0.6) | 0.04 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: general health | 53 (23.4) | 58 (18.1) | 55 (26.3) | 55 (27) | −1.7 (−8.3, 4.8) | 0.59 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: vitality | 48 (22.9) | 52 (21.1) | 51 (24.5) | 51 (24.6) | −1.6 (−8.5, 5.3) | 0.65 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: social functioning | 73 (28) | 87 (20.1) | 74 (31.7) | 73 (34.7) | −12.2 (−20.8, −3.6) | 0.006 |
| SF36 health survey subscale: role limitations due to mental health | 64 (41.8) | 81 (36.5) | 60 (46.7) | 62 (48.2) | −11.7 (−28.5, 5.1) | 0.17 |
aPercent of items correct (SD).
bDiabetes Empowerment Scale, scored from 1 to 5; a lower score indicates greater goal setting ability/confidence.
cScored from −9 (maximum negative impact) to +9 (maximum positive impact).
dPatient Health Questionnaire (depression) score; a higher score indicates higher severity of depression.
∧ P value, between-group comparison at week 12, adjusted for baseline (ANCOVA).
∗Within group change, P < 0.05 (paired samples t-test).