Table 3. Urinary Cadmium concentrations by sex, smoking, and source of rice (μg/g creatinine).

Characteristics	Number	GMa	GSDb	Range
Sex
Male	75	1.25	2.08	0.13–4.68
Female	123	1.27	2.30	0.06-13.07
Non-smokers
Male	25	1.16	2.02	0.31–3.72
Female	119	1.26	2.31	0.06–13.07
Smokers
Male	50	1.29	2.12	0.13–4.68
Female	4	1.56	1.98	0.63–2.80
Source of rice
Market	60	1.21	2.00	0.15–4.66
Home-grown	122	1.30	2.21	0.06–13.07
Both	10	0.78	3.51	0.13–7.22

^aGeometric mean.

^bGeometric standard deviation.