Table 1.
Socio-demographic, antenatal, skin characteristics and vitamin D intake of first trimester pregnant women (N = 396)
| Independent variables | n | Percent | Mean ± SD / Median (IQR 25 %, 75 %) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A) Socio-demographic factors | |||
| Age (year) | 28.06 ± 4.09 (min = 18, max = 40) | ||
| Ethnic groups | |||
| Malay | 307 | 77.5 | |
| Chinese | 44 | 11.2 | |
| Indian | 35 | 8.8 | |
| Others | 10 | 2.5 | |
| Educational status | |||
| Primary School | 16 | 4.0 | |
| Secondary School | 149 | 37.6 | |
| Tertiary School | 231 | 58.4 | |
| Working Status | |||
| Working | 301 | 76.0 | |
| Not working | 95 | 24.0 | |
| Household members | 3 (2,4) (min = 2, max = 12) | ||
| Household income per month | RM3500 (2800,5000) (min = RM900, max = RM20 000) | ||
| B) Factors related to antenatal | |||
| Week of pregnancy | 10 (8,12) (min = 4, max = 12) | ||
| Gravidity | 2 (1,3) (min = 1, max = 9) | ||
| Parity | 0 (0,1) (min = 0, max = 6) | ||
| Smoking status | |||
| Yes | 3 | 0.8 | |
| No | 393 | 99.2 | |
| Last Child Birth | |||
| ≤ 2 years | 124 | 61.1 | |
| >2 years | 79 | 38.9 | |
| Not applicable (first pregnancy) | 193 | ||
| Still breastfeeding | |||
| Yes | 41 | 22.9 | |
| No | 138 | 79.1 | |
| Not applicable (no child) | 217 | ||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) before pregnancy(kg/m2) | 22.69 (19.95, 26.36) (min = 14.29, max = 53.90) | ||
| Weight at first antenatal visit (kg) | 57.70 (49.60,68.00) (min = 33.00, max = 148.70) | ||
| C) Factors related to skin | |||
| Fitzpatrick skin classification | |||
| Skin type I -II | 103 | 26.0 | |
| Skin type III | 173 | 43.7 | |
| Skin type IV-VI | 120 | 30.3 | |
| Melanin Indices (using Mexameter 18) (0-999.000) | 302.17 (245.00, 302.17) (min = 133.33, max = 949.33) | ||
| Sun protection score (0-8) | 5 (4,5) (min = 0, max = 7) | ||
| The length of time exposed to sunlight (minutes per week) | 37.50 (0,150) (min = 0, max = 1680) | ||
| D) Factors related to vitamin D intake | |||
| Intake of vitamin D in food (IU/day) | 202.16 (124.94, 334.62) (min = 13.50, max = 1523.12) | ||
| The number of respondents taking antenatal supplements | |||
| Taking supplements containing vitamin D | 44 | 11.1 | |
| Taking supplements without vitamin D intake | 6 | 1.5 | |
| Not taking supplement | 346 | 87.4 | |
| Calcium and vitamin D supplement | |||
| No | 386 | 97.5 | |
| Yes | 10 | 2.5 | |
| Intake of vitamin D from food and supplements (IU/day) | 220.04 (137.88, 376.45) (min = 15.10, max = 1523.12) | ||
| The level of vitamin D taken from food and supplements (IU/day) | |||
| <200 IU/day | 178 | 44.90 | |
| ≥200 IU/day | 218 | 55.10 | |