Table 5. Pre- and post-treatment changes (T₂-T₁) in cephalometric variables at different cervical stages.

Cephalometric variables				p value#	Multiple comparisons for the cephalometric variables
	CS-2 (n = 18) Mean ± SD	CS-3 (n = 22) Mean ± SD	CS-4 (n = 12) Mean ± SD		CS-2/CS-3 p †	CS-2/CS-4 p†	CS-3/CS-4 p†
SNA	-0.47 ± 0.81	0.32 ± 1.28	-0.69 ± 1.73	0.010*	0.016*	0.435	0.011*
SNB	1.44 ± 1.04	2.32 ± 1.28	1.15 ± 0.98	0.020*	0.037*	0.540	0.015*
ANB	-2.00 ± 1.02	-2.00 ± 1.27	-1.84 ± 1.21	0.910	0.735	0.885	0.699
GoGn-SN	0.27 ± 2.02	0.14 ± 2.55	1.84 ± 2.57	0.096	0.339	0.266	0.026*
Co-A	0.94 ± 2.71	1.50 ± 1.33	0.77 ± 2.12	0.617	0.363	0.792	0.490
Co-Gn	3.72 ± 1.74	5.54 ± 3.26	4.15 ± 3.53	0.171	0.064	0.840	0.236
Go-Gn	3.38 ± 1.68	3.59 ± 2.59	3.31 ± 2.46	0.900	0.890	0.625	0.769
UI-SN	-7.16 ± 6.67	-1.68 ± 4.30	-6.76 ± 3.51	0.003*	0.010*	0.904	0.002*
IMPA	4.55 ± 4.09	3.00 ± 3.10	6.15 ± 4.35	0.065	0.056	0.387	0.055*
OJ	-5.59 ± 2.96	-7.25 ± 2.20	-6.52 ± 1.73	0.035*	0.018*	0.088	0.264
UL-E-line	0.05 ± 2.76	-1.18 ± 1.10	-1.38 ± 3.25	0.244	0.475	0.183	0.128
LL-E-line	1.05 ± 1.39	0.04 ± 1.49	0.00 ± 1.73	0.057	0.032*	0.057	0.696
N-L angle	4.88 ± 9.79	2.32 ± 10.53	4.92 ± 10.05	0.431	0.261	0.936	0.295
Z-angle	1.33 ± 3.94	3.00 ± 3.10	2.46 ± 4.96	0.480	0.227	0.559	0.619
H-angle	-3.50 ± 3.89	-4.54 ± 6.35	-2.00 ± 2.41	0.441	0.701	0.162	0.437

^# = Kruskal-Wallis test; ^† = Mann-Whitney U-test.

^* p ≤ 0.05

CS-2 = Cervical stage 2; CS-3 = Cervical stage 3; CS-4 = Cervical stage 4.