Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Participating Puerto Rican Children According to African Ancestry
| Covariate | Quartiles of Percentage of African Ancestry |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (0.1%-15.7%) | Q2 (15.8%-21.2%) | Q3 (21.3%-29.8%) | Q4 (29.9%-67.7%) | |
| Age (y) | 11.8 (2.0) | 11.7 (2.0) | 11.3 (2.0) | 11.4 (1.9) |
| Female | 78 (49.7%) | 69 (44.0%) | 83 (53.2%) | 79 (51.0%) |
| BMI (z score) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.2) |
| Obesityb | 24 (15.3%) | 24 (15.3%) | 33 (21.2%) | 22 (14.3%) |
| Current exposure to ETS | 62 (39.5%) | 59 (37.8%) | 78 (50.3%) | 69 (44.5%) |
| Exposure to ETS in utero or before 2 years of age | 74 (47.1%) | 79 (50.6%) | 82 (53.3%) | 68 (43.9%) |
| Household income < $15,000/y | 80 (54.5%) | 91 (62.3%) | 97 (65.5%) | 114 (75.0%)a |
| Neither parent graduated from high school | 31 (19.8%) | 34 (21.7%) | 36 (23.1%) | 38 (24.5%) |
| No private or employer-based health insurance | 88 (59.1%) | 103 (68.2%) | 111 (73.5%) | 116 (75.3%)a |
| Maternal history of asthma | 61 (39.4%) | 57 (36.5%) | 63 (41.2%) | 50 (32.3%) |
| Any breastfeeding | 83 (52.9%) | 74 (47.7%) | 76 (49.7%) | 76 (49.0%) |
| Prematurity | 10 (6.4%) | 20 (12.9%) | 7 (4.6%) | 8 (5.2%) |
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 9 (5.8%) | 10 (6.8%) | 5 (3.3%) | 9 (6.0%) |
| Birth by cesarean section | 52 (36.4%) | 43 (30.1%) | 40 (28.8%) | 31 (20.7%)a |
| Exposure to gun violencec | 66 (46.5%) | 69 (49.3%) | 70 (50.4%) | 92 (63.9%)a |
| Asthma | 77 (49.0%) | 87 (55.4%) | 90 (57.7%) | 87 (56.1%) |
| Serum total IgE (IU/mL) | 158.5 (5.0) | 125.9 (5.0) | 199.5 (5.0) | 199.5 (5.0) |
Data presented as No. (%) for binary variables or mean (SD) for continuous variables (other than serum total IgE, shown as geometric mean [SD]). Percentages were calculated for children with complete data. See Table 1 legend for expansion of abbreviation.
a
P < .05 for linear trend.
b
Obesity defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex.
c
Heard a gunshot more than once during his or her lifetime.