Table 5. Independent variables tested as risk factors for BCS = 4 or 5 and statistics associated with the univariate logistic regression.

OR: Odds Ratio.

Hypothesis	Variable	Reference	N	Beta	OR	P value
	Demographics
+	Age		230	0.040	1.041	<0.001*
0	Sex	ref = Male	46
		Female	184	1.044	2.841	<0.001*
0	Species	ref = African	131
		Asian	99	0.579	1.784	0.077^
0	Origin	ref = Wild	168
		Captive	58	-1.035	0.352	<0.001*
	Exercise
-	Exercise Week	ref = 1	47
		2	85	-0.598	0.549	0.193
		4	20	-0.061	0.940	0.933
		5	33	-0.566	0.567	0.187
		6	5	-1.080	0.339	0.089^
		7	15	-1.467	0.230	0.009*
-	Walk Week	ref = 1	94
		2	71	-0.242	0.784	0.562
		4	13	-0.540	0.582	0.357
		5	12	0.078	1.081	0.902
		6	7	-0.869	0.419	0.148^
		7	8	-1.486	0.226	0.017*
	Feeding
-	Feed Day		215	-0.052	0.948	0.290
-	Feed Night		215	-0.119	0.887	0.283
-	Feed Total		215	-0.047	0.953	0.223
-	Feeding Predictability	ref = 1	166
		2	49	-0.573	0.563	0.125^
-	Feeding Diversity		215	1.262	3.533	0.038*
-	Spread		215	0.391	1.478	0.647
+	Alternative Feeding Methods		222	-0.496	0.608	0.465
	Housing
+	Percent Time Indoor		228	-0.010	0.989	0.193
-	Percent Time In/Out Choice		228	0.002	1.002	0.739
-	Space Experience per Elephant		228	0.023	1.023	0.002*
-	Space Experience		228	0.005	1.005	0.009*
	Social
-	Animal Contact		228	0.037	1.037	0.396
-	Social Group Contact		228	0.031	1.031	0.021*
	Training and Enrichment
+	Rewarding Stimuli Techniques Score	Ref = 5	11
		6	33	1.323	3.755	0.169
		7	89	1.710	5.531	0.077^
		8	78	1.556	4.743	0.112^
		9	2	-21.990	<0.001	<0.001*
-	Enrichment Diversity		213	-0.216	0.805	0.826

^P value <0.15 utilized as threshold significant level for model building

*P value <0.05. BCSs 1 and 2 are excluded from analysis.

Hypothesis: + Increase odds of having BCS 4 or 5;—Decrease odds of having BCS 4 or 5; 0 Neutral relationship