Table 5. Descriptive statistics for independent variables included in the multi-variable modeling process.
The sample size and mean age of elephants used in the correlation is provided.
| Variable | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Variable | Mgmt. | Reference | n | Mean Age | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Median |
| African | Age | 44 | - | 32.6 | 6.6 | 20 | 52 | 32 | ||
| African | Space Experience Total (500 ft2) | Night | 42 | 33 | 44.0 | 51.1 | 0. 9 | 227.4 | 27.5 | |
| African | Space Experience Outdoor (500 ft2) | Night | 43 | 33 | 57.3 | 59.7 | 0 | 244.0 | 37. 9 | |
| African | Space Experience per Elephant (500 ft2) | Night | 42 | 33 | 14.2 | 11.5 | 0.8 | 45.0 | 5.9 | |
| African | Percent Time Hard Substrate | Overall | ref = 0% | 20 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 24 | 35 | 15.8 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 32.2 | 15.0 | |||
| African | Percent Time Hard Substrate | Day | ref = 0% | 24 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 20 | 35 | 10.5 | 7.8 | 1.1 | 24.2 | 11.3 | |||
| African | Percent Time Hard Substrate | Night | ref = 0% | 21 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 23 | 34 | 25.5 | 16.7 | 5.6 | 53.3 | 23.5 | |||
| African | Social Experience | Day | 42 | 34 | 19.9 | 13.7 | 6.8 | 56.3 | 14.7 | |
| African | Percent Time Housed Separately | Overall | ref = 0% | 28 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 15 | 35 | 22.9 | 17.7 | 1.4 | 57.1 | 19.9 | |||
| African | Percent Time Housed Separately | Night | ref = 0% | 28 | 31 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 16 | 35 | 44.5 | 34.1 | 3.8 | 100. 0 | 37.6 | |||
| Asian | Space Experience Indoor (500 ft2) | Day | 28 | 40 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 0 | 8.0 | 1.1 | |
| Asian | Percent Time Indoor | Day | 27 | 40 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 0 | 36.3 | 10 | |
| Asian | Percent Time Hard Substrate | Night | ref = 0% | 13 | 39 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 15 | 41 | 20.2 | 19.3 | 2.2 | 53.4 | 8.6 | |||
| Asian | Percent Time Soft Substrate | Overall | ref = 0% | 11 | 44 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 17 | 37 | 15.8 | 11.1 | 0.4 | 31.4 | 18.4 | |||
| Asian | Percent Time Soft Substrate | Day | ref = 0% | 13 | 46 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 15 | 35 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 29.2 | 8.6 | |||
| Asian | Percent Time Soft Substrate | Night | ref = 0% | 16 | 42 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 12 | 37 | 27.0 | 9.3 | 14.7 | 48.5 | 26.3 | |||
| Asian | Animal Contact | Night | 27 | 41 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0 | 3.0 | 1. 0 | |
| Asian | Social Experience | Overall | 28 | 40 | 18.9 | 10.3 | 0.7 | 45 | 15.7 | |
| Asian | Percent Time Housed Separately | Overall | ref = 0% | 9 | 41 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 19 | 40 | 38.7 | 38.2 | 1.8 | 100 | 25 | |||
| Asian | Percent Time Housed Separately | Day | ref = 0% | 15 | 42 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 13 | 37 | 39.2 | 39.8 | 5.3 | 100 | 19.5 | |||
| Asian | Percent Time Housed Separately | Night | ref = 0% | 14 | 35 | - | - | - | - | - |
| >0% | 14 | 45 | 68.5 | 37.8 | 8.1 | 100 | 86.1 | |||