TABLE 2:

Hypertrophic stimuli and markers of cardiac hypertrophy in commonly utilized in vitro model systems.

Cell type	Pathogenic hypertrophic stimuli	Methodologies used to determine cell hypertrophy	Contractility after hypertrophic stimuli	Fetal gene reexpression with hypertrophic stimuli
Neonatal cardiomyocytes (NRVMs/NMVMs)	PE	Coulter counter (diameter and volume)	Action potentials show increases in the speed and force of contraction when treated with PE (Zobel et al., 2002)	Yes
	NE	Protein content normalized to DNA content
	Ang II	Cell area determined by image analysis
	ET-1	Diacylglycerol mimetic PMA
Adult cardiomyocytes (ARVMs/AMVMs)	Ang II	Morphometry	Action potentials show increases in shortening amplitude and force of contraction when treated with ISO ( Jiang et al., 2012)	Yes
	ISO	(3)H-phenylalanine incorporation
	NE	Total protein content
	PE	Myosin heavy chain content
	Mechanical loading	Time course of activation of protein synthesis
HL-1 immortalized cardiomyocytes	cAMP	Cell area determined by image analysis	Ang II treatment induces fibrillations (Tsai et al., 2011)	Yes
	Ang II
	ET-1
	ISO
ANF-T-antigen cardiomyocytes	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
H2C9 myoblasts	Ang II	Cell area determined by image analysis	Unknown	Yes, brain natriuretic peptide
	ET-1
	ISO
Human embryonic and pluripotent stem cells (ESCs)	ISO	Undetermined	Action potentials mimic those seen in isolated human fetal ventricular tissue (Mummery et al., 2003)	Undetermined
	PE

Ang II, angiotensin II; ET-1, endothelin-1; ISO, isoproterenol; NE, norepinephrine; PE, phenylephrine; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate.