Table 1.
Cases Examined in This Study
| Sector | PBAS | Key Incentive |
|---|---|---|
| Child care | QRISs | Prestige associated with high rating Financial incentives |
| Education | NCLB | Graduated set of interventions regarding professional development, instruction, staffing, and school governance (e.g., constraints on use of funds) |
| P4P | Cash bonuses, salary increases | |
| Health care | Hospital and physician or medical group P4P programs, including quality “report cards” | Financial payments for high performance or improvement, public recognition, transparency (i.e., clarity and openness) of performance results |
| PHEP | CDC PHEP cooperative agreement | Withholding of federal funds for failure to meet performance benchmarks |
| Transportation | A+B highway construction contracting | Financial rewards or sanctions based on time to complete |
| CAFE standards | Fines for failure to meet minimum average fuel-efficiency standards | |
| CAA ambient air pollution conformity requirements | Federal transportation funds subject to conformity with ambient air quality standards | |
| Transit subsidy allocation formulas | Share of state or regional funding for local transit operators |
NOTE: CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy. CAA = Clean Air Act (Pub. L. 88–206 and its amendments).