Table 1. Health state utility and direct medical expenditure model inputs.
The expenditure values below are presented as reported in the original publications. All costs were analyzed in 2014 USD.
| Parameter | Point Estimate |
Low Value |
High Value |
Distribution | Reference (Reference Number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Medical Expenditure Inputs | |||||
| PSA Test Cost (Per Procedure) | $27 | $22 | $32 | Normal | CMS Reimbursement Schedule (33) |
| Biopsy Cost (Per Procedure) | $688 | $550 | $826 | Normal | Hayes, Ann Int Med, 2013 (35) |
| Conservative Management Cost (Per Year)* | $476 | $381 | $571 | Normal | CMS Reimbursement Schedule (33) |
| Mean Prostatectomy Cost (Per Procedure) | $10,600 | $6,410 | $10,684 | Normal | Wang, Med Care, 2014 (34) |
| Mean Radiation Therapy Cost (Full Course of Treatment) |
$22,515 | $18,012 | $27,018 | Normal | Wang, Med Care, 2014 (34) |
| Androgen Deprivation Therapy Cost (Per Year)# | $2,267 | $1,814 | $2,720 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| Distant Stage Initial Treatment Cost (Full Course of Treatment)& |
$15,773 | $12,618 | $18,927 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| Distant Stage Management Cost (Per Year)& | $2,212 | $1,106 | $4,424 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| End-of-Life Cost (Last Year), Prostate Cancer Death |
$40,807 | $20,404 | $81,614 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| End-of-Life Cost (Last Year), Other Cause Death | $5,000 | $4,000 | $6,000 | Normal | Mobley, MDM, 2006 (37) |
| Surgical Complication Cost (Per Event) | $709 | $567 | $851 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| Radiation Therapy Complication Cost (Per Event) | $230 | $184 | $276 | Normal | Cooperberg, BJU Int, 2013 (28) |
| Office Visit Cost^ | $80 | $64 | $96 | Normal | CMS Reimbursement Schedule (33) |
| Health State Utility Value Inputs | |||||
| Healthy, Utility | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.00 | Beta | Assumption |
| Symptomatic, Utility Decrement | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.17 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
| Surveillance, Utility Decrement | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
| Short-Term Treatment, Utility Decrement | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.31 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
| Long-Term Treatment, Utility Decrement | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
| Distant Stage, Utility Decrement | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.28 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
| End-of-Life, Utility Decrement | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.77 | Beta | Stewart, Med Care, 2005 (32) |
Conservative management was assumed to consist of an annual office visit, annual PSA test, and a biennial biopsy.
Men receiving initial curative treatment involving androgen deprivation therapy with prostatectomy or radiation therapy were assumed to receive one year of treatment.
The “distant stage initial treatment cost” was a one-time cost of initial treatment applied to men diagnosed with distant stage disease. The “distant stage management cost” reflects the ongoing cost of care in the distant stage state and was applied to all years in that state.
The cost of office visits was applied once annually in men without prostate cancer diagnosis.