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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2016 Jan 14;8(5):696–716. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1389

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

(a) Hypoxia and the resultant decreased pHe induced by different routes including production and export of H+ and lactate (through up-regulation of NHE1, MCT4), conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid, influx of the dissociated weak base HCO3− while H+ is left outside, etc., (b); glucose metabolism in mammalian cells involving aerobic glycolysis metabolism (i.e., Warburg effect). ((a) Reprinted with permission from Ref.62 Copyright 2012 Elsevier. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref.63 Copyright 2004 Nature)