Table 1.
Preoperative baseline characteristics of patients with aortic stenosis (N=97). A subgroup of patients with acceptable echocardiographic images for LV strain analysis (N = 72) have similar demographic data and perioperative characteristics. Data are presented as N (%), mean ± SD, or median [25th, 75th %].
| Variables | N | All patients with aortic stenosis (N = 97) |
N | Subgroup of patients with LV strain data (N = 72) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (year) | 97 | 70 ± 10 | 72 | 69 ± 9 |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 97 | 30 (31) | 72 | 24 (33) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 97 | 31 ± 8 | 72 | 31 ± 8 |
| Medical history, N (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 97 | 26 (27) | 72 | 22 (31) |
| Heart failure | 97 | 15 (15) | 72 | 11 (15) |
| Hypertension | 97 | 24 (25) | 72 | 16 (22) |
| Myocardial infarction | 97 | 8 (8) | 72 | 6 (8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
97 | 9 (9) | 72 | 6 (8) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 97 | 16 (16) | 72 | 13 (18) |
| Stroke | 97 | 5 (5) | 72 | 3 (4) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 97 | 9 (9) | 72 | 7 (10) |
| Dialysis | 97 | 0 (0) | 72 | 0 (0) |
| Cardiogenic shock | 97 | 0 (0) | 72 | 0 (0) |
| Previous vascular surgery | 97 | 3 (3) | 72 | 7 (10) |
|
3D LV ejection fraction (LVEF) |
66 | 48 | ||
| LVEF ≥ 60% | 36 (55) | 27 (56) | ||
| LVEF 50 – 59% | 23 (35) | 17 (35) | ||
| LVEF < 50% | 7 (10) | 4 (8) | ||
| Preoperative laboratory values | ||||
| Hematocrit (%) | 96 | 40 ± 4 | 71 | 41 ± 4 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 97 | 0.9 [0.8, 1.1] | 72 | 0.9 [0.8, 1.1] |
| NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL) | 83 | 320 [150, 807] |
61 | 287 [139, 627] |
| Aortic valve disease | ||||
| Peak transvalvular gradient (mmHg) |
96 | 83 ± 21 | 72 | 83 ± 22 |
| Mean transvalvular gradient (mmHg) |
96 | 49 ± 14 | 72 | 49 ± 15 |
| Dimensionless index | 97 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 72 | 0.22 ± 0.05 |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 88 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 72 | 0.73 ± 0.16 |
| Aortic insufficiency | 96 | |||
| 0 | 41 (43) | 72 | 28 (39) | |
| 1 – 2+ | 49 (51) | 72 | 40 (56) | |
| 3 – 4+ | 6 (6) | 72 | 4 (5) | |
| Intraoperative data | ||||
| Fentanyl dose (mg) | 96 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 71 | 1.0 ± 0.2 |
| Mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration (%)† |
69 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 53 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| HNC treatment | 97 | 49 (51) | 72 | 36 (50) |
| Surgical characteristics | ||||
| Duration of surgery (min) | 97 | 369 [316, 426] |
72 | 373 [316, 435] |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass (min) | 97 | 87 [64, 116] | 72 | 86 [67, 119] |
| Aortic cross-clamp (min) | 97 | 64 [49, 79] | 72 | 64 [50, 81] |
| Surgical procedure, N (%) | 97 | 72 | ||
| AVR | 50 (52) | 41 (57) | ||
| AVR + CABG | 29 (30) | 18 (25) | ||
| AVR ± CABG + other | 17 (18) | 13 (18) | ||
| Tricuspid valve repair | 1 (1) | 1 | ||
| Maze procedure | 2 (2) | 2 | ||
| Aortoplasty | 4 (4) | 2 | ||
| Ascending aorta replacement |
6 (6) | 6 | ||
| Mitral valve replacement |
1 (1) | 0 | ||
| Mitral valve repair | 2 (2) | 1 | ||
| Septal myectomy | 1 (1) | 1 | ||
| Previous cardiac surgery, N (%) | 97 | 23 (24) | 72 | 18 (25) |
| Cardioplegia, N (%) | 96 | 72 | ||
| Buckbergs | 82 (86) | 62 (86) | ||
| Del Nido | 13 (13) | 9 (13) | ||
| Microplegia | 1 (2) | 1 (1) |
*
LV= Left ventricular; HNC = Hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp; AVR = Aortic valve replacement; CABG = Coronary artery bypass grafting
†
End-tidal isoflurane concentration was measured during ventilation before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients routinely received isoflurane 1% during cardiopulmonary bypass, though end-tidal concentrations could not be measured.