Table 3.
Univariable relationships between the change in left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular strain and strain rate and risk factors. Of the 97 patients with aortic stenosis, only patients with adequate images for strain/strain rate analysis are included in this table.
| Variables | Change in LV strain (N=72) |
Change in LV strain rate (N= 67) |
Change in RV strain (N=54) |
Change in RV strain rate (N=54) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean(SE)^ | P- value* |
Mean(SE)^ | P- value* |
Mean(S E)^ |
P- value * |
Mean(SE) ^ |
P- value* |
|
| Age (unit = 10) | −0.3 (0.4) | 0.42 | −0.01(0.00) | 0.19 | −1.0 (0.6) | 0.12 | −0.01 (0.1) | 0.72 |
| Gender | 0.35 | 0.04** | 0.04** | 0.59 | ||||
| Female | 1.2 (0.6) | −0.2 (0.1) | 6.2 (1.0) | 0.03 (0.1) | ||||
| Male | 0.4 (0.5) | −0.3 (0.04) | 3.6 (0.8) | −0.03 (0.1) | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.30 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 0.90 | ||||
| Yes | 1.3 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.1) | 4.8 (0.7) | 0.01 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 0.4 (0.7) | −0.3 (0.04) | 3.8 (1.2) | 0.02 (0.1) | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.005** | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.02** | ||||
| Yes | 2.6 (0.7) | −0.3(0.1) | 3.6 (1.6) | −0.3 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 0.1 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.04) | 4.7 (0.7) | 0.04 (0.1) | ||||
|
Hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp |
0.10 | 0.004** | 0.19 | 0.10 | ||||
| Yes | 0.1 (0.5) | −0.4 (0.04) | 3.7 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 1.3 (0.5) | −0.2 (0.04) | 5.3 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||||
|
Aortic cross- clamp time (unit = 10 min) |
0.1 (0.01) | <0.001** | 0.02 (0.01) |
0.07 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.64 | 0.003(0.02) | 0.92 |
|
Surgical procedure |
0.006** | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.32 | ||||
| AVR | −0.3 (0.5) | −0.3 (0.04) | 4.4 (0.9) | 0.003 (0.1) |
||||
| AVR + CABG | 1.9 (0.7) | −0.3(0.1) | 4.9 (1.4) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||
| AVR + CABG + other |
2.2 (0.8) | −0.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (1.4) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||||
|
Previous cardiac procedure |
0.01** | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.33 | ||||
| Yes | 2.3 (0.7) | −0.2 (0.1) | 2.5 (1.4) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 0.1 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.04) | 5.1 (0.7) | 0.01 (0.1) | ||||
|
Aortic insufficiency grade |
0.17 | 0.27 | 0.84 | 0.82 | ||||
| 0 | 0.9 (0.6) | −0.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (1.0) | 0.03 (0.1) | ||||
| 1–2+ | 0.3 (0.5) | −0.3 (0.04) | 4.3 (0.9) | −0.04 (0.1) | ||||
| 3–4+ | 3.2 (1.5) | −0.2 (0.1) | 5.8 (2.7) | −0.03 (0.2) | ||||
| Surgical incision | 0.03** | 0.37 | 0.97 | 0.49 | ||||
| Full-stemotomy | 1.3 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.03) | 4.6 (0.8) | −0.04 (0.1) | ||||
| Mini- stemotomy |
−0.4 (0.6) | −0.2 (0.1) | 4.5 (1.0) | 0.04 (0.1) | ||||
| Cardioplegia | 0.0497** | 0.99 | 0.38 | 0.12 | ||||
| Buckbergs | 1.0 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.0) | 4.3 (0.7) | −0.05 (0.1) | ||||
| Others | −1.1 (1.0) | −0.3 (0.0) | 5.6 (1.4) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||||
|
Change in LV diastolic dimension |
−0.1 (0.2)a | 0.42 | 0.1 (0.2)c | 0.51 | 0.04 (3.7)e |
0.99 | 0.2 (0.3)e | 0.50 |
|
Change in LVESS (unit = 100) |
−0.8 (0.01)b |
0.57 | 0.001(0.01)d | 0.87 | 3.8 (2.8)f | 0.17 | 0.06 (0.02)f |
0.01** |
|
Post CPB Epinephrine |
0.007** | 0.03** | 0.97 | 0.35 | ||||
| Yes | 2.9 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.1) | 4.5 (1.6) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 0.2 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.03) | 4.6 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.1) | ||||
|
Post CPB Norepinephrine |
0.94 | 0.051 | 0.50 | 0.59 | ||||
| Yes | 0.6 (0.7) | −0.4 (0.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | ||||
| No | 0.7 (0.5) | −0.2 (0.04) | 4.3 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.1) | ||||
AVR = Aortic valve replacement, CABG = Coronary artery bypass grafting; CPB = Cardiopulmonary bypass, LVESS= left ventricular end-systolic meridional wall stress
Univariable P values;
significant with P<0.05.
Slope (SE) for continuous variables (age, aortic cross-clamp time) is interpreted as the estimated mean change for each unit increase in predictor; estimated mean change (SE) for each level of categorical variables from the univariable regression.
a, b, c, d, e and f present 66, 62, 61, 58, 49 and 44 missing points, respectively