Table 3.

Parameter estimates from a multivariable linear regression model of life satisfaction by gender, 2012–2013, Oromia, Ethiopia

Parameter	Males (n = 451)					Females (n = 708)
	Estimates	SE	95 % CI		p-value	Estimates	SE	95 % CI		p-value
			Lower cl	Upper cl				Lower cl	Upper cl
Age category in years (ref: ≥40)
≤29	0.27	2.68	−5.00	5.53	0.92	0.28	2.37	−4.37	4.93	0.91
30–39	−2.11	2.41	−6.84	2.63	0.38	−1.96	1.69	−5.29	1.37	0.25
Marital status (ref: married)
Single/not married	0.38	2.34	−4.22	4.98	0.87	−1.14	1.99	−5.06	2.77	0.57
Children (ref: ≥5)
None	−4.20	3.56	−11.21	2.80	0.24	−4.13	2.84	−9.71	1.44	0.15
1–2	−4.65	3.02	−10.58	1.28	0.12	−1.14	2.55	−6.15	3.88	0.66
3–4	1.21	2.94	−4.57	6.99	0.68	−2.05	2.67	−7.29	3.19	0.44
Religion (ref: Ethiopian Orthodox)
No religion/other	−12.25	10.05	−32.00	7.51	0.22	9.54	8.53	−7.20	26.28	0.26
Muslim	−0.13	2.84	−5.71	5.45	0.96	−2.70	2.73	−8.06	2.66	0.32
Protestant	−3.10	2.17	−7.36	1.16	0.15	−3.95	1.79	−7.48	−0.43	<0.05
Food insecurity (ref: never)
Ever	−7.59	2.46	−12.43	−2.75	<0.05	−11.13	2.13	−15.30	−6.95	<0.0001
Work status (ref: cash or in-kind)
Not working	−6.04	3.02	−11.98	−0.09	0.05	−2.11	1.61	−5.28	1.06	0.19
Social support (ref: top 25 %)
Bottom 25 %	−1.57	2.84	−7.16	4.02	0.58	−0.76	2.14	−4.95	3.43	0.72
Low-middle 25 %	1.67	2.55	−3.35	6.69	0.51	−4.82	2.12	−8.99	−0.65	< 0.05
Middle-high 25 %	1.77	2.54	−3.22	6.76	0.49	−0.96	2.05	−4.98	3.06	0.64
Last sexual encounter (ref: past 30 days)
>1 year/never	−2.99	2.41	−7.73	1.75	0.22	−0.09	2.33	−4.68	4.49	0.97
3 months–1 year	−5.89	2.42	−10.65	−1.13	< 0.05	−2.79	2.35	−7.41	1.82	0.24
>30 days–3 months	0.69	2.51	−4.24	5.62	0.78	2.23	2.67	−3.02	7.48	0.40
Psychological distress (ref: none or low)
High	−41.69	2.08	−45.77	−37.61	< 0.0001	−37.00	1.87	−40.67	−33.32	< 0.0001
Mild or moderate	−19.52	2.05	−23.55	−15.49	< 0.0001	−17.16	1.81	−20.71	−13.61	< 0.0001
Late ART status (ref: early initiation)
Late initiation	−5.66	1.76	−9.12	−2.20	< 0.05	−5.94	1.80	−9.48	−2.40	< 0.05

Correlates examined at the bivariate level included age, marital status, number of children, education, religion, food insecurity, type of residence, electricity work status, social support, HIV disclosure status, time from last sexual encounter, psychological distress, time since enrollment in HIV care (in days) and early versus late ART initiation with late ART initiation defined as CD4 < 150 cells/µL or WHO IV. All variables associated at p < 0.10 in bivariate models were included above

Estimates greater than 1 are better

CI confidence interval, SE standard error