Table 2.
Description of the Motivational Interviewing Characteristics and Adherence Measures
| Author | MI delivery mode | Definition of adherence/ evaluation time points/ variable type | MI description and exposure time to MI | Control description | Interventionist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berger21 | Telephone counseling | SR Discontinuation of treatment at 3 months Continuous |
Software-guided MI calls every 2 to 4 weeks for 3 months depending on stage of readiness. MI exposure not specified | Access to call center via toll-free hotline | Three members of the call center |
| Dilorio20 | Individual counseling and telephone as needed |
MEMS % Doses taken % Doses taken on time At 3, 6 and 12 months Continuous |
Five MI sessions over 3 months. Eighty percent held in person and lasted on average between 20-90 min. Telephone sessions (for sessions 2–5) were conducted as needed for participants who were unable to meet the counselor in the clinic. Minimum exposure time: 170 min (median) | Usual adherence education provided at the clinic | Study nurses trained in MI |
| Goggin25 | Individual and telephone calls | EDM -% Doses taken -% Doses taken on time At 3, 6, 9 and 12 months Continuous |
Six MI counseling sessions (weeks 0, 1, 2, 6, 11 and 23) and 4 telephone sessions (weeks 4, 9, 15 and 19). On average, sessions lasted 25 min. Average exposure 150 min | Medical care and counseling as usual from their clinic providers | Master’s degree level trained by a licensed clinical psychologist |
| Golin22 | Individual counseling | CAS: pill count, SR EDM: >95 % adherent -mean adherence -% Doses taken At 3 months Continuous and categorical |
During 12 weeks subjects received a 20-min audiotape and booklet, two MI sessions at weeks 4 and 8, and a mailing 2 weeks after each session. Exposure time: not reported | Similar format but providing only general HIV information without using MI techniques | Master’s degree level health educator |
| Holstad16 | Group counseling | MEMS Track-caps: -% Doses taken -% Doses taken on schedule At 3 and 6 months Categorical |
Eight 1.5– 2 h group MI sessions during 9 months. MI Exposure time: 720–960 min |
1.5–2-h sessions on nutrition, exercise, stress reduction and women’s health | Trained MI nurses |
| Holstad26 | Group counseling | SR: AGAS, VAS and ACTG scales: Mean adherence -proportion of doses taken in prior 30 days -never missing in 30 days At 6 months Continuous and categorical |
Eight 1.5–2-h MI group sessions during 6-month MI exposure: 720–960 min | Eight 1.5–2-h health education sessions focusing on nutrition, exercise, stress reduction and women’s health | Health workers |
| Ingersoll17 | Individual counseling | SR: 14-day TLFB: % Pills taken per day At 3 and 6 months Continuous |
6 MI sessions plus feedback and skills building over 8 weeks. Each session lasted between 45 and 60 min. MI exposure 270–360 min | Equivalent time to offer information about HAART and crack cocaine use | Master’s or doctoral degree in clinical psychology, social work or counseling |
| Interian19 | Individual counseling | MEMS Cap and Medication Taking Scale: % Doses taken At 5 weeks and 5 months Continuous |
Three 60-min MI sessions during 5 months. MI exposure: 180 min | Pharmacotherapy, as well as some psychotherapy treatment | Clinical psychologist and psychology doctoral students |
| Konkle-Parker15 | Individual counseling and telephone calls | SR: 3- to 4- week adherence recall by VAS Pharmacy refill rate >90 % adherent At 26 weeks Continuous |
Two 30–60 min sessions with the PI at weeks 1 and 2 and then six telephone call sessions tapering during 24 weeks. Telephone sessions averaged less than 10 min. MI exposure: 120 min | Usual care | PI and a nurse practitioner trained in MI |
| Lavoie18 | Individual | % Pharmacy refills Mean change in percent of refills At 6 and 12 months Continuous |
Three to five individual 15–30-min sessions over a 4–6-week period. The educator and patient decided together if more than 3 sessions were needed. MI exposure time: 60 to 150 min | Standard of care | Psychologist trained in motivational interviewing |
| Ogedege29 | Individual counseling | MEMS pill caps % Adherent at 12 months Categorical |
30–40-min MI sessions at 3, 6, 9 and 12 month MI exposure time: 120 min |
Usual care | Trained RAs |
| Palacio27 | Telephone | Pharmacy claims data -MPR -MPR ≥80 % Self report: MMAS-4 At 12 months Continuous and categorical |
Four 20–30-min sessions during a 12-month period (calls every 3 months) MI exposure: 80 to 120 min |
Mailed educational DVD | MI-trained nurses |
| Parsons24 | Individual | SR: 14-day TLFB % Doses taken % Days with perfect adherence At 3 and 6 months Categorical |
Eight 60-min sessions over a period of 12 weeks The first session delivered immediately on completion of the baseline assessment. MI exposure time: 480 min |
8 Sessions to give information on HIV, HAART and alcohol | Master’s degree prepared counselors |
| Pradier23 | Individual counseling | SR: 4-day recall % Adherent at 6 months Categorical |
Three 45–60-min MI sessions at months 0, 2 and 4. MI exposure time 135-180 min |
Clinical follow-up every 2– 3 months | Trained nurses |
| Samet28 | Individual counseling | SR: 3- and 30-day ACTG scale -mean 30-day adherence -95 % adherent in last 30 days At 2–6 and 12–13 months Categorical |
Initial 60-min individual, a follow-up home visit within the first 3 weeks, and 2 subsequent 15–30-min appointments at 1 month and 3 months. MI exposure time: 90–120 min |
Standard care for HIV infection, included verbal and written instructions about optimal medication | Nurse trained in MI |
| Solomon32 | Telephone counseling | Median MPR MPR >80 % At 12 months Continuous and categorical |
Ten phone-based MI sessions during 12 months MI exposure: not specified |
Mailed educational materials | Health educators |
| Zwikker31 | Group counseling | SR: CQR and MARS MPR % Adherent At 6 and 12 months Categorical |
Intervention consisted of two MI-guided group sessions (1 week apart) | Brochures about DMARDS they were using | Pharmacists |
SR: Self report:
MEMS: Medication Event Monitoring System
CAS: Composite adherence score
EDM: Electronic drug monitor
AGAS: Anti-retroviral medication General Adherence Scale
VAS: visual analog scale (VAS)
ACTG: adherence questionnaire
14-TLFB: 14-day timeline follow-back
MMAS-4: 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale
MPR: Medication possession ratio
CQR: Compliance Questionnaire Rheumatology
MARS: Medication Adherence Report Scale
DMARDS: disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs