Table 2.

Effect of Bacopa monnieri methanolic extract (mBME) and ascorbic acid on the severity of morphine or street heroin induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity after 14 and 21 days of treatment.

Organ	Histopathological findings	Morphine		Street heroin		mBME + Morphine		mBME + Street heroin		Ascorbic acid + Morphine		Ascorbic acid + Street heroin
		14 Days	21 Days	14 Days	21 Days	14 Days	21 Days	14 Days	21 Days	14 Days	21 Days	14 Days	21 Days
Liver	Glycogen depletion	+++	+	+	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hemorrhage	–	+	+++	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Congestion	++	++	+++	+++	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	+
Sinusoidal dilatation	+	+	+++	++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hydropic degeneration	–	–	–	+++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cytolysis	–	+	–	+++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Granuloma formation	++	+++	–	++	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Apoptotic body	–	+	–	++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perivenular necrosis	–	++	–	+++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Microvesicular steatosis	+	+	+++	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kidney	Tubular cell swelling	+	+	+	++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Interstitial inflammation	–	+++	+++	+++	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tubular dilatation	+	++	+++	++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Necrosis of epithelium	+	++	++	++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Interstitial scarring	–	++	–	+++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Glomerular congestion	+	+++	+	+++	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Glomerular atrophy	–	–	+	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tubular cast	+	+++	++	+++	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Focal glomerulosclerosis	–	–	++	+++	–	–	+	+	–	–	+	+

(–) none; (+) mild; (++) moderate; (+++) severe.