Table 5. The association between weight gain in the first 4 months and leptin, adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio at median (interquartile range) age: 1.7 (0.9–3.5) years.
| Weight gain Category |
Lnleptin(n = 1136) |
Lnadiponectin (n = 1139) |
Ln(adiponectin/leptin ratio) (n = 1092) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Crude | Adjusted | N | Crude | Adjusted | N | Crude | Adjusted | ||||||||
| β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | β(95%CI) | |||||||||||
| Total sample* | ||||||||||||||||
| On track | 413 | ref | ref | 412 | ref | ref | 397 | ref | ref | |||||||
| Slow growth | 239 | −0.17(−0.34, 0.00)† | −0.22(−0.38, −0.05)‡ | 241 | −0.10(−0.21, 0.01) | −0.09(−0.20, 0.02) | 230 | 0.07(−0.15, 0.28) | 0.12(−0.09, 0.33) | |||||||
| Rapid growth | 168 | 0.16(−0.03, 0.34) | 0.20(0.01, 0.39)† | 170 | −0.06(−0.19, 0.07) | 0.00(−0.13, 0.13) | 161 | −0.22(−0.46, 0.03) | −0.21(−0.45, 0.03) | |||||||
| Extremely rapid | 316 | 0.30(0.14, 0.45)§ | 0.36(0.19, 0.53)§ | 316 | −0.07(−0.17, 0.04) | −0.02(−0.14, 0.10) | 304 | −0.40(−0.60, −0.20)§ | −0.39(−0.61, −0.17)§ | |||||||
| Weight gain z-score | 0.14(0.09, 0.18)§ | 0.18(0.13, 0.23)§ | 0.00(−0.03, 0.03) | 0.01(−0.02, 0.05) | −0.15(−0.20, −0.09)§ | −0.17(−0.24, −0.10)§ | ||||||||||
| Full term | ||||||||||||||||
| On track | 229 | ref | ref | 231 | ref | ref | 221 | ref | ref | |||||||
| Slow growth | 169 | −0.13(−0.34, 0.08) | −0.21(−0.42, 0.00)† | 170 | −0.15(−0.28, −0.01)† | −0.14(−0.27, 0.00) | 161 | −0.02(−0.28, 0.25) | 0.07(−0.20, 0.33) | |||||||
| Rapid growth | 74 | 0.36(0.08, 0.64)† | 0.39(0.12, 0.66)‡ | 73 | −0.08(−0.26, 0.10) | −0.06(−0.24, 0.12) | 70 | −0.45(−0.80, −0.10)† | −0.46(−0.80, −0.11)† | |||||||
| Extremely rapid | 58 | 0.28(−0.02, 0.59) | 0.25(−0.05, 0.56) | 58 | 0.03(−0.17, 0.23) | 0.00(−0.20, 0.20) | 56 | −0.24(−0.62, 0.15) | −0.24(−0.63, 0.14) | |||||||
| Weight gain z-score | 0.13(0.06, 0.21)§ | 0.16(0.08, 0.24)§ | 0.06(0.01, 0.11)† | 0.06(0.00, 0.11)† | −0.07(−0.17, 0.03) | −0.10(−0.20, 0.00) | ||||||||||
| Early term | ||||||||||||||||
| On track | 123 | ref | ref | 121 | ref | ref | 118 | ref | ref | |||||||
| Slow growth | 55 | −0.21(−0.53, 0.12) | −0.21(−0.56, 0.14) | 55 | −0.11(−0.36, 0.13) | 0.02(−0.24, 0.28) | 54 | 0.10(−0.33, 0.53) | 0.25(−0.20, 0.71) | |||||||
| Rapid growth | 55 | 0.01(−0.31, 0.34) | 0.07(−0.25, 0.39) | 58 | −0.06(−0.30, 0.18) | −0.03(−0.27, 0.21) | 53 | −0.06(−0.50, 0.37) | −0.09(−0.51, 0.33) | |||||||
| Extremely rapid | 74 | 0.33(0.03, 0.62)† | 0.42(0.13, 0.72)‡ | 75 | −0.04(−0.26, 0.18) | 0.00(−0.22, 0.22) | 73 | −0.37(−0.77, 0.02) | −0.40(−0.79, −0.01)† | |||||||
| Weight gain z-score | 0.15(0.06, 0.24)‡ | 0.19(0.09, 0.28)§ | −0.01(−0.08, 0.06) | −0.03(−0.11, 0.04) | −0.17(−0.29, −0.05)§ | −0.22(−0.35, −0.10)§ | ||||||||||
| Late preterm | ||||||||||||||||
| On track | 47 | ref | ref | 47 | ref | ref | 46 | ref | ref | |||||||
| Slow growth | 14 | −0.20(−0.82, 0.42) | −0.24(−0.86, 0.39) | 15 | 0.01(−0.38, 0.40) | 0.26(−0.10, 0.63) | 14 | 0.19(−0.58, 0.96) | 0.50(−0.27, 1.26) | |||||||
| Rapid growth | 29 | −0.14(−0.62, 0.34) | −0.12(−0.62, 0.37) | 29 | 0.01(−0.30, 0.32) | 0.13(−0.17, 0.43) | 28 | 0.14(−0.46, 0.74) | 0.25(−0.36, 0.86) | |||||||
| Extremely rapid | 84 | 0.37(0.00, 0.74)† | 0.37(−0.03, 0.76) | 84 | −0.02(−0.26, 0.22) | −0.02(−0.25, 0.22) | 82 | −0.43(−0.89, 0.03) | −0.40(−0.89, 0.09) | |||||||
| Weight gain z-score | 0.22(0.10, 0.33)§ | 0.23(0.11, 0.35)§ | −0.01(−0.09, 0.06) | −0.05(−0.12, 0.03) | −0.23(−0.37, −0.09)‡ | −0.27(−0.42, −0.12)§ | ||||||||||
| Early preterm | ||||||||||||||||
| On track | 14 | ref | ref | 13 | ref | ref | 12 | ref | 1.0 | |||||||
| Slow growth | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | |||||||
| Rapid growth | 10 | 0.19(−0.65, 1.03) | 0.04(−0.82, 0.89) | 10 | 0.27(−0.34, 0.88) | 0.55(−0.10, 1.20) | 10 | 0.06(−1.08, 1.20) | 0.40(−0.80, 1.59) | |||||||
| Extremely rapid | 100 | 0.18(−0.40, 0.76) | 0.00(−0.59, 0.59) | 99 | 0.09(−0.33, 0.52) | 0.12(−0.34, 0.58) | 93 | −0.20(−1.02, 0.61) | −0.09(−0.95, 0.77) | |||||||
| Weight gain z-score | 0.20(0.03, 0.37)† | 0.16(0.00, 0.33) | −0.04(−0.16, 0.08) | −0.07(−0.20, 0.05) | −0.28(−0.51, −0.04)† | −0.27(−0.50, −0.05)† | ||||||||||
Gestational age category was defined as full term (gestational age ≥39 weeks), early term (37–38 weeks), late preterm (34–36 weeks), and early preterm (<34 weeks). Weight gain z-score was defined as the change in weight for age z–score between birth and 4 months and was categorized into four groups: slow (weight gain z-score less than −0.67); on track (weight gain z-score between −0.67 and 0.67), rapid (weight gain z-score between 0.67 and 1.28), and extremely rapid (weight gain z-score more than 1.28).
Adjusted for maternal education, race, smoking, parity, prepregnancy BMI category, hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetal growth, and breastfeeding status.
*Additional adjustment for gestational age categories. †P < 0.05; ‡P < 0.01; §P < 0.001.