Table 2.
Comparison of intakes of vitamin C and vitamin C contributing foods1
| Food (g/d) (mean ± SD) |
Total (n = 1245) |
Men (n = 810) |
Women (n = 435) |
||||||
| Case (n = 415) | Control (n = 830) | P value2 | Case (n = 270) | Control (n = 540) | P value | Case (n = 145) | Control (n = 290) | P value | |
| Energy (Kcal/d) | 1924.1 ± 612.9 | 1713.6 ± 545.5 | < 0.001 | 2038.5 ± 634.8 | 1760.6 ± 541.5 | < 0.001 | 1711.1 ± 507.0 | 1626.0 ± 543.1 | 0.116 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 96.1 ± 50.5 | 108.4 ± 56.1 | < 0.001 | 89.0 ± 45.3 | 97.1 ± 44.2 | 0.014 | 109.3 ± 56.7 | 129.5 ± 68.5 | 0.001 |
| Potatoes and starches | 39.3 ± 38.1 | 45.5 ± 45.4 | 0.013 | 32.8 ± 34.6 | 40.3 ± 36.5 | 0.005 | 51.5 ± 41.2 | 55.1 ± 57.4 | 0.456 |
| Potatoes | 32.3 ± 34.0 | 35.0 ± 35.0 | 0.209 | 27.7 ± 32.2 | 32.7 ± 30.3 | 0.035 | 41.0 ± 35.7 | 39.1 ± 42.1 | 0.635 |
| Sweet potatoes | 24.8 ± 210.0 | 42.3 ± 234.4 | 0.183 | 8.2 ± 41.9 | 15.1 ± 47.1 | 0.030 | 55.6 ± 349.4 | 92.8 ± 386.8 | 0.329 |
| Vegetables | 327.4 ± 185.0 | 328.2 ± 166.2 | 0.947 | 318.4 ± 177.5 | 320.5 ± 157.4 | 0.873 | 344.3 ± 197.7 | 342.5 ± 180.8 | 0.926 |
| Korean cabbage kimchi | 99.3 ± 71.0 | 96.1 ± 69.3 | 0.450 | 94.9 ± 66.6 | 97.3 ± 69.0 | 0.639 | 107.4 ± 78.1 | 93.8 ± 70.0 | 0.068 |
| Green pepper | 7.3 ± 11.0 | 7.9 ± 10.6 | 0.347 | 6.4 ± 6.8 | 7.5 ± 9.5 | 0.044 | 9.0 ± 16.0 | 8.6 ± 12.5 | 0.769 |
| Radish | 20.3 ± 17.5 | 21.2 ± 18.3 | 0.375 | 20.3 ± 16.8 | 21.5 ± 17.5 | 0.348 | 20.3 ± 18.8 | 20.8 ± 19.6 | 0.801 |
| Spinach | 9.9 ± 21.6 | 10.7 ± 22.8 | 0.572 | 8.0 ± 18.5 | 9.1 ± 17.3 | 0.380 | 13.6 ± 26.2 | 13.6 ± 30.4 | 0.994 |
| Radish kimchi | 27.1 ± 80.2 | 28.5 ± 58.9 | 0.765 | 20.7 ± 40.1 | 26.8 ± 52.3 | 0.065 | 39.1 ± 123.6 | 31.5 ± 69.6 | 0.491 |
| Cabbage | 6.6 ± 13.9 | 13.4 ± 27.1 | < 0.001 | 4.6 ± 10.3 | 9.7 ± 20.0 | < 0.001 | 10.3 ± 18.3 | 20.4 ± 35.8 | < 0.001 |
| Chonggak kimchi | 15.7 ± 44.9 | 16.5 ± 33.6 | 0.769 | 12.1 ± 23.1 | 15.6 ± 29.9 | 0.072 | 22.4 ± 68.7 | 18.1 ± 39.4 | 0.486 |
| Zucchini | 18.0 ± 22.1 | 17.5 ± 20.4 | 0.711 | 16.1 ± 20.3 | 15.4 ± 18.3 | 0.650 | 21.6 ± 24.9 | 21.5 ± 23.2 | 0.956 |
| Chinese cabbage | 22.3 ± 118.0 | 32.7 ± 142.8 | 0.172 | 20.7 ± 132.2 | 34.0 ± 164.8 | 0.217 | 25.1 ± 85.7 | 30.3 ± 88.5 | 0.564 |
| Lettuce | 7.2 ± 10.1 | 9.3 ± 15.5 | 0.004 | 6.1 ± 8.8 | 7.6 ± 10.7 | 0.039 | 9.1 ± 11.9 | 12.4 ± 21.4 | 0.040 |
| Onion | 14.5 ± 8.7 | 15.0 ± 9.2 | 0.375 | 13.4 ± 7.6 | 14.3 ± 8.6 | 0.166 | 16.4 ± 10.2 | 16.3 ± 10.2 | 0.887 |
| Mustard leaf kimchi | 10.5 ± 61.5 | 14.2 ± 118.4 | 0.469 | 8.1 ± 62.4 | 8.2 ± 58.9 | 0.990 | 14.9 ± 59.8 | 25.4 ± 183.1 | 0.377 |
| Green onion | 4.8 ± 3.0 | 5.0 ± 3.3 | 0.410 | 4.9 ± 3.01 | 5.1 ± 3.3 | 0.410 | 4.7 ± 2.9 | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 0.811 |
| Fruits | 136.0 ± 165.8 | 191.8 ± 209.1 | < 0.001 | 115.5 ± 149.4 | 152.0 ± 163.5 | 0.002 | 174.1 ± 187.4 | 266.0 ± 259.0 | < 0.001 |
| Mandarins | 16.0 ± 26.3 | 23.2 ± 44.9 | < 0.001 | 12.9 ± 22.6 | 14.6 ± 23.4 | 0.319 | 21.8 ± 31.5 | 39.2 ± 66.0 | < 0.001 |
| Strawberries | 5.2 ± 8.7 | 8.8 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 | 4.3 ± 7.7 | 6.7 ± 11.2 | < 0.001 | 7.0 ± 10.0 | 12.6 ± 21.4 | < 0.001 |
| Orange juice | 8.9 ± 22.2 | 20.8 ± 56.1 | < 0.001 | 6.4 ± 14.2 | 16.9 ± 54.8 | < 0.001 | 13.6 ± 31.6 | 28.0 ± 57.8 | 0.001 |
| Watermelon | 13.4 ± 21.7 | 21.0 ± 69.4 | 0.004 | 11.3 ± 21.2 | 15.3 ± 36.5 | 0.050 | 17.5 ± 22.2 | 31.8 ± 105.6 | 0.028 |
| Apples | 30.4 ± 57.1 | 52.3 ± 89.7 | < 0.001 | 23.8 ± 49.1 | 42.7 ± 77.3 | < 0.001 | 42.7 ± 68.1 | 70.2 ± 107.0 | 0.001 |
| Persimmons | 17.4 ± 110.5 | 20.3 ± 57.6 | 0.617 | 17.2 ± 133.6 | 12.9 ± 43.3 | 0.603 | 17.8 ± 41.9 | 34.1 ± 75.5 | 0.004 |
| Bananas | 10.5 ± 26.5 | 20.3 ± 40.9 | < 0.001 | 7.3 ± 16.0 | 15.2 ± 28.9 | < 0.001 | 16.4 ± 38.5 | 29.8 ± 55.8 | 0.004 |
| Citrus tea | 23.6 ± 142.9 | 58.5 ± 729.7 | 0.184 | 11.8 ± 62.8 | 18.1 ± 67.4 | 0.201 | 45.5 ± 225.0 | 133.7 ± 1228.9 | 0.237 |
1Adjusted for total energy intake using the residuals method;
2
P values were calculated with the t test.