Table 2.

Description of the explanatory variables used for the explanation of the urban open space commercial vegetable farmers’ willingness to pay for reclaimed water.

S No.	Variables	Acronym	Description of the variable	Type of variable
1.	Age of the farmers (years)	Age	This refers to the life years of a farmer after birth (in years). It was hypothesised that a farmer's age does not significantly explain his/her willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was rejected at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
2.	Number of persons per household	Household size	This refers to the number of people constituting a farmer's household. A household has been defined as the number of people who share the same housekeeping arrangements. It was hypothesised that the size of a farmers' household does not significantly explain his/her willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was rejected at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
3.	Television watching habit (in hours per day)	TV Habit	TV habit refers to the number of hours a farmer devoted to watching television programmes in a day. Given that risks reduction measures could be aired on Ghanaian airwaves, it has been hypothesised that TV watching significantly explains farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
4.	Radio listening (in hours per day)	Radio Habit	This refers to the number of hours a farmer spent listening to radio programmes in a day. It was hypothesised that farmers' radio listening habit significantly explains their willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
5.	Newspaper reading habit (in hours per day)	Newspaper Habit	Newspaper habit refers to the number of hours a farmer devoted to reading newspapers in a day. It was hypothesised that farmers’ newspaper reading habit significantly explains their willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
6.	Number of years of farming (years)	Experience	Experience refers to the number of years a farmer has been engaged in vegetable production in the city or elsewhere. Farmers who have been engaged in farming for more years may be willing to pay to sustain their economic activity. It was hypothesised therefore that 'experience' significantly explains the farmers willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
7.	Net revenue per capita (US$)	Per capita revenue	Per capita revenue has been used as a measure of the wealth derived from vegetable farming. It was hypothesised that per capita revenue is a significant factor which explains the farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
8.	Annual net-revenue	Net revenue	The net revenue is the difference between the annual gross revenue and expenditure for each farmer. It was hypothesised that a farmer's net revenue significantly explains his/her willingness to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
9.	Farm size determined by the number of beds (number)	Beds	The number of beds a farmer owned was used as a proxy to estimate his/her farm size. It was hypothesised that the farm size is a significant factor which explains farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Continuous
10.	Sex of the farmers	Sex	Sex refers to the biological make (either male or female) of a vegetable farmer. It was hypothesised that farmer's sex is not a factor which explains their willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was rejected at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
11.	Highest educational attainment	Education	This was defined as the highest level of formal education a farmer attained prior to starting the economic activity. It was anticipated that farmers who have higher educational attainments would be know the health benefits of using reclaimed water instead of untreated low quality water. It was therefore hypothesised that formal educational level is a significant factors which explains farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (ordinal)
12.	Perception about the quality of water used for irrigation	Perception	This refers to farmers who agreed that the water used for irrigation is harmful to the health of the farmers and consumers. It was hypothesised that farmers' perception is a significant explanatory factors for their willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
13.	Land tenure security	Land tenure	This refers to the ownership of the land used for vegetable farming. Farmers who have secure land tenure (even in de facto terms) were expected to be willing to pay for reclaimed water. The hypothesis therefore was that land tenure security significantly explains farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
14.	Source of water for irrigation	Irrigation water	The types of water used for irrigation have been categorised into two namely: 1) contaminated and 2) uncontaminated. It was hypothesised that farmers source of irrigation water is a significant predictor of their willingness to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation. This was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
15.	Consumption of part of the vegetables at the household level	Consumption	The vegetable farmers who consumed some of the vegetables they produced were thought to be willing to pay for reclaimed water to sustain their source of food and protect their health. It was therefore hypothesised that 'consumption' is a significant factors which explains the farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
16.	Participation in farm-based multiple barrier interventions field trials / workshops	Participation	This refers to farmers who have ever participated in risks reduction field trials or workshops. It was hypothesised that participation in field trials or workshops on the health risks associated with untreated low quality water reuse for irrigation is a significant explanatory factors farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
17.	Membership of farmers association	Membership	It has been hypothesised that membership of vegetable farmers' association is not a significant predictor of farmers' willingness to pay for reclaimed water. This was rejected at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
18.	Access to agricultural extension service	Agric Extension	It was hypothesised that access to agricultural extension services is a significant explanatory factor for farmers’ willingness to pay for reclaimed water for irrigation. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
19.	Ability to pay US$0.46/m3	ATP@US$0.46/m3	It was hypothesised that a farmers' ability to pay for reclaimed (based on the 5% threshold) at US$0.46/m3 is a significant explanatory factor his/her willingness to pay. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
20.	Ability to pay US$0.69/m3	ATP@US$0.69/m3	It was hypothesised that a farmers' ability to pay for reclaimed (based on the 5% threshold) at US$0.69/m3 is significantly explains his/her willingness to pay. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
21.	Ability to pay US$0.99/m3	ATP@US$0.99/m3	It was hypothesised that a farmers' ability to pay for reclaimed (based on the 5% threshold) at US$0.99/m3 significantly explains their willingness to pay. The hypothesis was accepted at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (dichotomous)
22.	Location of farm according to sub metropolitan area	Location	The vegetable producing sites were categorised into three groups based on the sub-metropolitan areas they were located. It was hypothesised that farmers' location in the city does not significantly explain their willingness to pay for reclaimed water. The hypothesis was rejected at p ≤ 0.05.	Categorical (ordinal)