Table 3.

Covariates for Models on Low‐Income Parents

	Mean	SE
Covariates in main model
Age 18–25 years	0.203	0.003
Age 26–34 years	0.340	0.004
Age 35–49 years	0.390	0.004
Age 50–64 years	0.067	0.002
Female	0.679	0.004
White, non‐Hispanic	0.413	0.006
Black, non‐Hispanic	0.195	0.005
Other race, non‐Hispanic	0.056	0.003
Hispanic	0.337	0.006
Noncitizen	0.247	0.005
Education, less than high school	0.371	0.005
Education, high school graduate	0.334	0.004
Education, some college	0.237	0.004
Education, college graduate	0.058	0.002
Married	0.552	0.005
Widowed, separated, or divorced	0.201	0.003
Never married	0.246	0.004
Works full time	0.454	0.004
Works part time	0.140	0.003
Not working	0.412	0.004
Number of children	2.183	0.010
Urban	0.768	0.006
County percent employed	0.462	0.001
County percent in poverty	0.147	0.001
County hospital beds per 1,000 persons	2.856	0.035
County Medicare AAPCC	674.9	2.052
Additional health status measures for sensitivity analysis
Self‐reported health status, fair/poor	0.137	0.003
Self‐reported health status, good	0.321	0.004
Self‐reported health status, excellent/very good	0.542	0.004
Has any functional limitation	0.256	0.004
Current every/some day smoker	0.320	0.004
Former smoker	0.114	0.003
Obese BMI > 30	0.334	0.004
Ever told had hypertension	0.161	0.003
Ever diagnosed with any heart problem	0.059	0.002
Ever told had stroke	0.010	0.001
Ever told had emphysema	0.006	0.001
Ever told had asthma	0.111	0.003
Ever told had ulcer	0.071	0.002
Ever told had cancer	0.031	0.001
Ever told had diabetes	0.043	0.002

Low‐income parents are those with HIU income less than 138% of the federal poverty level.

AAPCC, average adjusted per capita cost; BMI, body mass index.

Source: National Health Interview Survey 1998–2010.