Table 3.

Utilization, Child and Family Outcomes (Multivariate Adjusted and Weighted Regression)a

	ED Visits, IRR (95% CI)	Hospitalizationb OR (95% CI)	Missed School Days, IRR (95% CI)	Parent Stopped Working due to Condition, OR (95% CI)	Difficulties or Delays Related to Cost, OR (95% CI)	Shared Decision Making, OR (95% CI)
Age
0–5 years	Ref	Ref	–c	Ref	Ref	Ref
6–11 years	0.62 (0.57–0.68)	0.36 (0.15–0.85)	Ref	0.69 (0.60–0.81)	1.52 (1.28–1.81)	0.98 (0.87–1.11)
>11 years	0.63 (0.58–0.68)	0.27 (0.11–0.67)	1.07 (1.03–1.10)	0.58 (0.49–0.68)	1.52 (1.29–1.80)	1.00 (0.89–1.14)
Race/ethnicity
White, non‐Hispanic	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Hispanic	0.99 (0.88–1.12)	1.29 (0.44–3.73)	0.90 (0.85–0.96)	1.39 (1.14–1.69)	1.12 (0.92–1.38)	0.81 (0.70–0.94)
Black, non‐Hispanic	1.35 (1.22–1.48)	3.82 (0.85–17.1)	0.77 (0.73–0.82)	1.06 (0.88–1.28)	0.90 (0.73–1.11)	0.76 (0.66–0.87)
Multiple or other	1.06 (0.93–1.22)	1.46 (0.42–5.14)	0.91 (0.85–0.97)	1.29 (1.03–1.61)	1.08 (0.88–1.32)	0.76 (0.64–0.90)
Primary language
English	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Other	0.81 (0.68–0.97)	0.81 (0.31–2.14)	0.81 (0.73–0.91)	2.00 (1.52–2.64)	0.80 (0.58–1.09)	0.80 (0.63–1.02)
Payer category
Private	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Public	1.28 (1.17–1.39)	1.05 (0.44–2.49)	1.10 (1.04–1.16)	1.47 (1.24–1.74)	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	0.89 (0.78–1.01)
Uninsured	1.10 (0.89–1.37)	1.29 (0.25–6.54)	1.10 (0.98–1.23)	1.61 (1.09–2.36)	7.3 (5.55–9.51)	0.63 (0.49–0.81)
Poverty level, %
0–99% FPL	1.65 (1.46–1.88)	0.64 (0.15–2.73)	1.14 (1.05–1.23)	1.65 (1.31–2.09)	1.69 (1.32–2.17)	0.86 (0.72–1.02)
100–199% FPL	1.37 (1.23–1.52)	1.07 (0.27–4.15)	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	1.41 (1.15–1.73)	2.18 (1.78–2.66)	0.89 (0.77–1.03)
200–399% FPL	1.19 (1.09–1.31)	0.40 (0.10–1.60)	1.02 (0.98–1.07)	1.14 (0.95–1.36)	1.87 (1.59–2.19)	0.9 (0.80–1.01)
≥400% FPL	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Household educational level
<High school	1.23 (1.08–1.41)	2.69 (0.73–9.95)	1.01 (0.93–1.10)	0.97 (0.76–1.24)	0.74 (0.57–0.97)	0.84 (0.70–1.01)
High school graduate	1.21 (1.11–1.33)	4.26 (1.44–12.65)	1.02 (0.97–1.07)	0.84 (0.72–0.99)	0.74 (0.62–0.88)	0.91 (0.81–1.03)
>High school	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Household structure
Parent household	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Two‐parent stepfamily	1.29 (1.16–1.45)	0.92 (0.26–3.21)	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	0.84 (0.69–1.02)	0.92 (0.75–1.12)	0.86 (0.74–1.00)
Mother only household	1.20 (1.10–1.30)	0.71 (0.24–2.10)	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.74 (0.63–0.86)	1.19 (1.02–1.38)	0.88 (0.78–0.98)
Other	0.98 (0.85–1.12)	0.24 (0.04–1.48)	0.84 (0.77–0.91)	0.48 (0.37–0.64)	0.91 (0.70–1.18)	0.89 (0.75–1.06)
Complexity
Physical impairment alone	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Broad functional impairment alone	1.43 (1.30–1.58)	0.88 (0.27–2.81)	1.34 (1.28–1.41)	6.14 (4.79–7.89)	3.50 (2.85–4.28)	0.49 (0.44–0.55)
Predominant physical impairment requiring family‐delivered care	2.12 (1.94–2.34)	1.96 (0.66–5.87)	1.79 (1.71–1.89)	4.28 (3.28–5.59)	2.88 (2.33–3.57)	0.73 (0.64–0.83)
Broad functional impairment requiring extensive health care	3.34 (3.03–3.70)	11.97 (4.27–33.53)	2.20 (2.09–2.32)	29.48 (23.02–37.75)	10.88 (8.89–13.33)	0.31 (0.27–0.36)

^aAll data are weighted. Logistic regression used for dichotomous outcomes, and negative binomial regressions used for count data that was not normally distributed (ED visits). Analyses were adjusted by age, gender, race/ethnicity, payer category, poverty level, household educational level, household structure, and complexity. Variables with p > .05 in the univariate analysis were not included in multivariate analysis unless conceptually important.

^bRespondents from California only.

^cAges 0–5 excluded from analysis of missed school days.