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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Jan 6;160:57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.032

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (95%CI) from Cox Regression Models: Factor Associated with Earlier Opportunity to Use Cannabis, and for Progression from Opportunity to Use Cannabis to Cannabis Dependence

Covariate Transition to Cannabis Use Opportunity
N = 3763		 Transition to Cannabis Dependence
N = 3367
Unadjusted HR
(95% CI)		 Adjusted HR
(95% CI)		 Unadjusted HR
(95% CI)		 Adjusted HR
(95% CI)
Female Gender 0.70***
(0.65 – 0.75)		 0.69***
(0.64–0.75)		 0.50***
(0.40 – 0.62)		 0.44***
(0.34–0.55)
Conduct Disorder1 27.54***
(2.39 – 23.76)		 25.57**
(1.52–20.47)		 4.57***
(3.63 – 5.75)		 2.49***
(1.91–3.25)
Depressive Episode1 1.04
(0.93 – 1.17)		 0.98
(0.87–1.10)		 1.95***
(1.55 – 2.42)		 1.44***
(1.12–1.85)
High Parental Conflict† 1.09*
(1.01 – 1.18)		 1.09*
(1.00–1.18)		 1.16
(0.94 – 1.44)		 1.02
(0.79–1.31)
Parental Alcohol Problems 1.27***
(1.16 – 1.38)		 1.19***
(1.08–1.30)		 1.29**
(1.03 – 1.62)		 1.11
(0.86–1.43)
Parental Drug Problems 28.26**
(2.12 – 32.15)		 27.29**
(1.74–30.62)		 24.14***
(2.07 – 8.27)		 23.30***
(1.63–6.69)
Single Parent Family† 1.30**
(1.10 – 1.53)		 1.13
(0.95–1.35)		 1.60*
(1.11 – 2.32)		 1.19
(0.78–1.81)
Strict Parenting† 1.03
(0.96 – 1.10)		 1.02
(0.95–1.09)		 1.32**
(1.07 – 1.62)		 1.11
(0.88–1.39)
Frequent Childhood Religious
Attendance† 		0.72***
(0.66 – 0.78)		 0.74***
(0.68–0.80)		 0.86
(0.69 – 1.07)		 0.84
(0.67–1.06)
Childhood Sexual Abuse1 1.25**
(1.08 – 1.42)		 1.17*
(1.01–1.34)		 1.98***
(1.49 – 2.64)		 1.35
(0.95–1.92)
Weekly Tobacco Use1 210.17***
(5.00 – 20.71)		 28.57***
(3.93–18.68)		 3.98***
(3.12 – 5.07)		 2.76***
(2.10–3.64)
Tobacco Dependence1 1.82*
(1.29 – 2.56)		 0.89
(0.63–1.25)		 2.77***
(2.18 – 3.52)		 1.36*
(1.04–1.78)
Monthly Alcohol Use1 21.65
(0.78 – 3.50)		 20.75
(0.34–1.64)		 1.03
(0.75 – 1.41)		 0.94
(0.69–1.30)
Alcohol Dependence1 1.79***
(1.29 – 2.48)		 1.26
(0.89–1.78)		 22.94***
(1.69 – 5.12)		 2.64***
(1.53–4.58)
Other Drug use1 1.31**
(1.05 – 1.65)		 1.20
(0.94–1.52)		 2.76***
(2.22 – 3.42)		 2.10***
(1.64–2.69)
Other Drug Dependence1 - - 5.70***
(4.77 – 10.94)		 2.75***
(1.70–4.43)
*

P < 0.05

**

P < 0.01

***

P < 0.001

Note: Cannabis dependence N=363 (due to missing covariate data)

HR= Hazard Ratio.

1

=Time Varying Covariate.

2

=Interaction with _t included in the model to account for breach of the proportional hazards assumption

†

When participant was aged 6 – 13 years old.