Figure 10.

The coexistence equilibrium E*, for the parameter values: r = 0.02, K = 1000, b = 2500, m = 0.04, n = 0.007, e = 0.000001, μ = 4, λ = 0.0003, δ = 0.00003, β = 0.000007, γ = 0.0003. Initial conditions B = 14000, I = 1000, M = 5, N = 2. Here we use lower transmission rates and a different initial condition from the previous simulations, in particular a nonzero value for the infected bees, to highlight the effect of Varroa infestation on honey bee viral infections: indeed, for early times, there is a decrease of both bee populations as the number of mites increases.