Effect of KPE on mitochondria and glycogen in vitro and in vivo. Total DNA, mRNA, and glycogen were extracted from the mouse soleus muscle and C2C12 treated with KPE (10 μg/mL) or compounds 1–8 (10 μM). In vivo (A-E), total DNA was evaluated for the expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using real-time PCR (A). mtDNA was normalized by the expression of genomic DNA (gDNA). mRNA expressions of PGC-1α (B) and glycogen synthase (Gsy, C) were evaluated using real-time PCR. Muscle glycogen was determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method (D). The glycogen content was normalized by the tissue weight. Blood lactic acid (LA) was measured using a kit (E). In vitro (F, G), the mRNA expression of Gsy was evaluated using real-time PCR (F) and glycogen contents were determined (G). The glycogen contents in these cells were normalized by the cell numbers. Each column represents the mean with the S.E. (in vivo: control: n = 15, KPE: n = 14, in vitro: n = 4). Asterisks denote significant differences from the control at *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, respectively.