Table 2.
Sample characteristics and covariate values in all three studies and the pooled sample.
| Study 1 (N=287) |
Study 2 (N=334) |
Study 3 (N=407) |
Pooled (N=1028) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| Age in years | 42.4 | 10.0 | 39.5 | 9.4 | 39.0 | 12 | 40.1 | 10.7 |
| Years of educationa | 9.3 | 3.8 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 13.9 | 1.7 | 11.0 | 4.0 |
| FTNDb | 5.9 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 3.2 |
| Cigarettes per day | 27.0 | 11.6 | 24.1 | 8.9 | 21.7 | 10.4 | 24.0 | 10.5 |
| Years Smoked | 22.9 | 12.1 | 22.1 | 9.6 | 21.2 | 11.3 | 22.0 | 11.0 |
| No. past quit attempts | 2.5 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 4.2 | 7.6 |
| Most days abstinent | 330.2 | 665.4 | 97.9 | 90.9 | 116.2 | 137.2 | 167.9 | 368.9 |
| Pre-quit self-efficacyc | 4.0 | 0.8 | 8.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 3.4 |
| Pre-quit cravingd | 5.4 | 2.0 | 7.6 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 2.1 |
| Pre-quit sleepe | 2.1 | 0.3 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 4.7 | 1.5 |
| Pre-quit negative affectf | −0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 |
| Pre-quit positive affectg | 0.1 | 0.7 | 7.4 | 2.0 | ||||
| Pre-quit CES-D-brief formh | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Pre-quit low arousali | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | ||||
| Pre-quit inattentionj | −0.1 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 1.3 | ||||
| STAIk | 1.9 | 0.5 | ||||||
| STASl | 3.0 | 2.3 | ||||||
| Demographics | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| Gender (% Female) | 122 | 42.2% | 162 | 48.5% | 204 | 50.1% | 486 | 47.3% |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 262 | 91.3% | 284 | 85.0% | 363 | 89.2% | 909 | 88.4% |
| African American | 19 | 6.6% | 37 | 11.1% | 22 | 5.4% | 78 | 7.6% |
| Other | 3 | 1.0% | 12 | 3.6% | 14 | 3.4% | 29 | 2.8% |
| Hispanic | 3 | 1.0% | 1 | 0.3% | 8 | 2.0% | 12 | 1.2% |
Education was a categorical variable transformed into a count of years of education by assigning the value at the midpoint of the range in the category selected (e.g., assigning those who said they had some college but did not earn a college degree a value of 14) years.
FTND=Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton, Koslowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991)
In Studies 1 and 2, this is the mean of pre-quit EMA responses to “Confident in ability to abstain?” (on a 1–4 scale in Study 1, and on a 1–11 scale in Study 2 where 1=“NO!!” and 4/11= “YES!!”). In Study 3, this was assessed with a baseline item “If you try to quit smoking within the next 30 days, how likely is it that you will be successful?” on a 7-point scale where 1=“Very successful” and 7=“Not at all successful.”
In Studies 1 and 2, this is the mean of ratings of “Cigarette Craving” (rated on 1–4 scale in Study 1, and on 1–11 scale in Study 2). In Study 3, this is the pre-quit mean of ratings of “Urge(s) to smoke?” and “Bothered by desire to smoke?” rated 1–11 as in Study 2.
In Studies 1 and 2, this is the pre-quit mean of morning EMA items: “Trouble falling asleep?”, “Do you feel well rested?” (reverse coded), “Number of wakenings?”, “Rate how well you slept” (from “very well” to “not well at all”), and “Do you feel tired?” rated on 4-point scales in Study 1 and 10-point scales in Study 2 (except for number awakenings which was entered as 0–99). In Study 3, this was the pre-quit morning EMA mean of “Right now-Well rested?” and “Last night-Trouble falling asleep?” ratings rated on 1–11 scales.
In Studies 1 and 2, this is the pre-quit factor score for the following items: (“How feeling? Happy”, “irritable”, “miserable”, “tense”, “contented”, “frustrated/angry”, “sad”, and “overall feeling”) (see Shiffman et al., 1996 for details). In Study 3, this is the mean of EMA random prompt items “Tense or anxious?” and “Sad or depressed?” rated on a 11-point scale.
In Study 2, this is a factor score defined by happy, contented, calm, and overall feeling items rated on a 11-point scale. In Study 3, this is the mean of PANAS items “Enthusiastic” and “Interested.” rated on 11-point scales.
Mean of pre-quit responses to items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale (Radloff, 1977): “Have you felt depressed?”, “Have you felt lonely?”, and “Felt you could not shake off the blues?” rated via EMA in Studies 1 (on a 4-point scale) and 2 (11-point scale) and via pen-and-paper questionnaire in Study 3 (4-point scale).
Low arousal was assessed by taking the factor score on an factor defined by items “Tired” and “Sleepy” rated on a 4-point scale in Study 1 and 11-point scale in Study 2.
Attention problems were assessed by taking the factor score defined by items “Spacey” and “Hard to concentrate” rated on a 4-point scale in Study 1 and 11-point scale in Study 2.
STAI= Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983)
STAS=Spielberger State Anger Scale (Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, & Crane, 1986)