Table 2.

The acceptable daily intake/tolerable daily intake (ADI/TDI) dose and the half-life (t_1/2) of common EDCs in humans

Type of toxicant	Toxicant	Human elimination half life	Main Route (source) of exposure	Estimated daily intake (per kg body weight)	ADI or TDI (Adult)	References
Heavy metal	Cadmium	>20 years	Oral (seafood, rice, cigarette smoking)	0.6-1 μg	1 μg/kg/day	ATSDR,1999; [174, 175];www.popstoolkit.com/tools/HHRA/TDI_USEPA.aspx
Plasticizer	Bisphenol A	< 2 hr	Oral (food containers, water bottles)	34 ng	50 μg/kg/day	EFSA, 2006; [41, 42]
	Phthalates (e.g., DEHP)	10 hr	Oral, medical devices	1.6 μg	22 μ g/kg/day	USEPA, 1998; [176, 177]
Fungicide/ Pesticide	Carbendazi m	25 wk	Oral (daily utensils, food containers)	1.5 μg	0.02 mg/kg/day	http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v95pr19.htm
Surfactant	PFOS	5.4 years	Oral (carpets, upholstery, industrial products)	1.6 ng	150 ng/kg/day	EFSA,2008; [39, 40]; http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-04/documents/factsheet_ contaminant_pfos_pfoa_ march2014.pdf
Solvent/cl e-aning agent (degrease r), major constituen t in gasoline	2,5- Hexamedio ne (toxic metabolite of hexane)	~13-14 hr	Inhalation	n.k.	0.2 mg/kg/day	http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/hexane.html; https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hesis/Documents/nhexane_med_guide.pdf

This Table is not intended to be exhaustive, it only contains several selected environmental toxicants that are discussed in this review, it provides the rationale of selecting the doses that were used in recent reports. Abbreviation used: ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; n.k., not known; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorooctane sulfonate; USEPA, US Environmental Protection Agency; **, WHO, World Health Organization; Oral, includes dairy products, meats, vegetables, fruits, seafood, beverage, and water.