Table 4.

Integrin-associated proteins (intracellular signaling proteins)

Intracellular signaling proteins	Binding sites to integrins	Functions	Roles in diseases	References
Cytohesin-1	Sec7 domain binds to cytoplasmic tail of integrin β2	Affecting the PI3 K-dependent activation of integrin β2	Regulating human polymorphonuclear neutrophil	Nagel et al. (1998), Azreqa and Bourgoina (2011)
FAK	Directly binding to integrin β1 tail	Playing an essential role in integrin-stimulated signaling mechanism	Important for tumor progression in cancer	Sun et al. (2014)
ILK	C-terminus of ILK binding to the cytoplasmic tails of integrin β1 and β3	Regulating actin cytoskeleton by interacting with various actin-binding actin regulatory proteins and mediating the integrin-dependent signaling	Playing an important function to upregulate several types of cancers, as leukemia	Persad and Dedhar (2003), Böttcher et al. (2009)
β3-endonexin	Binding to integrin β3 cytoplasmic tail (Asn-IIe-Thr-Tyr (NITY) motif)	Increasing integrins affinity for ligand	Playing roles in proliferative disease, for example atherosclerosis.	Hannigan et al. (1996)
ICAP-1	C-terminal region containing a PTB domain that providing a binding site for integrin β1	Acting as a messenger that transmits information to the cellular nucleus for controlling gene expression and cell proliferation in a β1-independent manner	Important for body development and pathogenesis	Bouvard et al. (2006), Faurobert et al. (2012)
Rack1	Interacting with the cytoplasmic tails of integrin β1, β2, and β5	Important in the control of integrin-dependent PKC associated signaling cascades	Serving as a scaffold protein in promoting angiogenesis	Liliental and Chang (1998), Li et al. (2000)
CIB	Interacting with integrin	Main function still needing to be tested in a cellular environment		Naik et al. (1997)