Table 2.

BFDV prevalence estimates and the screening tests used in publications from 1984 to 2015 for both wild and captive psittacine populations

Population location	Test prevalence	Methods used	Reference
Captive
Germany	39.2 % from 32 captive breeding facilities	PCR	[110]
Australia	23 % (PCR)/66.7 % (HA) of samples submitted by veterinarians	PCR, HA, HI	[65]
Italy	8.05 % for entire national captive population	PCR	[43]
Taiwan	41.2 % of birds submitted by private owners	PCR	[111]
New Zealand	<7 % cumulative parakeet species	PCR, Histology	[42]
Poland	25.3 % for entire national captive population; 22.12 % - small aviaries; 25.23 % - medium aviaries; 25.99 % - large aviaries	PCR	[112]
Costa Rica	19.7 % for entire national captive population	PCR	[59]
Japan	31.3 % of imported birds for breeding	PCR	[58]
Poland	20.6 % across 50 captive breeding facilities	PCR, Whole-genome sequencing	[36]
Wild
Australia	Cacatua galerita - 10 - 20 % (200 - 1000 individuals) over 4 years	Histology	[44]
New Zealand	Platycercus eximius - 8.6-20.4 %, Cacatua galerita - 22-33 %	PCR, Histology	[45]
New Zealand	4–7 % across all native species	PCR, Histology	[42]
New Zealand	Cyanoramphus novaezalandiae - 28 %	PCR	[47]
New Zealand	Cyanoramphus novaezalandiae - 10.5 % (95 % CI: 6.1 %–16.4 %); Cyanoramphus auriceps - 26.7 % (95 % CI 12.3 %–45.9 %); Platycercus eximius - 22.9 % (95 % CI 9.9 %–42.3 %)	PCR, Whole-genome sequencing	[46]
Mauritius	Psittacula echo - 2004/05 - 38 %; 2005/06 - 41 %; 2006/07 - 11 %; 2007/08 - 25 %; 2008/09 - 17 %	PCR	[30]
New Caledonia	Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii - 25 % (11-45 %)	PCR, Whole-genome sequencing	[40]
Australia	Platycercus elegans - 45-50 %; Platycercus elegans adelaidae - 95-100 %; Platycercus elegans flaveoulus - 18-22 %, WS hybrids - 8-10 %	qPCR, HI	[54]