Table 3.

Effect size of the average reduction on the VAS pain (12 weeks) and the response rates for controlled trials (CT)

Study	Treatment	Total patients	Total instillations at week 12	VAS BT		VAS AT		VAS ↓	RR (%)	VAS effect size			RR effect size
				Mean	SD	Mean	SD			d	Minimum	Maximum	d	Minimum	Maximum
Shao et al. [34]	Control	11	6	7.1	1	6.6	0.7	0.50	18.2	0.59	−0.27	1.44	0.88	0.01	1.76
	Cystistat®	18	6	7.1	1.1	3.4	1	3.70	93.3	3.52	2.48	4.57	2.62	1.73	3.51
Lai et al. [41]	Cystistat®	29	9	3.28	2.45	2.13	2.67	1.15	69.0	0.45	−0.07	0.97	1.77	1.16	2.38
	Cystistat®	30	12	3.3	2.38	2.0	2.02	1.30	70.0	0.59	0.07	1.11	1.77	1.17	2.37
Nickel et al. [35]	Placebo	30	6	6.2	1.31	4.1	1.98	2.10	23.3	1.28	0.72	1.83	1.01	0.47	1.54
	Uracyst®	29	6	6.5	1.33	4.8	1.74	1.70	41.45	1.11	0.55	1.66	1.4	0.82	1.97
Nickel et al. [36]	Placebo	40	8	6.38	1.83	4.66	2.84	1.72	31.3	0.74	0.28	1.19	1.95	1.42	2.49
	Uracyst®	41	8	6.5	1.81	4.35	2.95	2.15	38	0.9	0.45	1.36	1.81	1.3	2.33
Bade et al. [37]	Placebo	10	24	–	–	–	–	–	20.0	–	–	–	0.93	0.0	1.85
	i-PPS 300 mgb	9	24	–	–	–	–	–	40.0	–	–	–	1.46	0.42	2.5
Davis et al. [38]a	Placebo + daily o-PPS 400 mg	20	36	4.7	1.3	3.2	2.2	1.50	90.0	0.86	0.21	1.50	2.5	1.67	3.33
	i-PPS 200 mgc + daily o- 400 mg	20	36	4	0.7	2	1.9	2.00	85.7	1.54	0.83	2.24	2.37	1.58	3.15
Sairanen et al. [39]	DMSO	37	6	6.4	2.1	–	–	–	30.0	1.08	0.59	1.56	1.16	0.67	1.65
	BCG	31	6	6.8	2.1	–	–	–	11.0	–	–	–	0.68	0.21	1.14

VAS visual analogue pain score, BT before treatment, AT after treatment, RR response rate, d Cohen’s d, i-PPS intravesical PPS, o-PPS oral PPS, DMOS dimethyl sulfoxide, BCG intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin

^aResults at 24 weeks

^bIntravesical instillation with 300 mg (three capsules) of Elmiron® + mixed with 50 ml of 0.9 % sodium chloride

^c200 mg or two capsules mixed with 30 ml of sterile normal buffered saline