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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 14.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2016 Jul 14;166(2):288–298. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.051

Figure 1. Speculative Models of How Cancer Risk Factors Compromise Autophagy.

Figure 1

Cancer risk factors, including obesity, aging, alcohol abuse, chronic inflammation and infection interfere with either the initiation or termination of autophagy to promote cancer development. ULK, unc51-like kinase; PI3KC, class III phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3’ kinase; ATG, autophagy related gene; AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; KSHV, Kaposi’s sarcoma-Assocaited Herpesvirus; cFLIP, viral FLICE inhibitory protein; vBcl-2, viral B-cell lymphoma 2; EBNA1, EBV nuclear antigen 1; VacA, vacuolating cytotoxin A; HBx, HBV×protein; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori. Mechanistic details are provided in the main text.