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(a) The proposed metabolic pathway for the production of galloxanthin and dihydrogalloxanthin from dietary zeaxanthin. (b–i) Representative chromatograms and UV-Vis absorbance spectra of apocarotenoid products produced by HEK293 cells expressing a control vector, avian BCO2, RDH12, and/or RETSAT enzymes, and supplemented with zeaxanthin.
