Table 1.
Studies examining burn wound progression from 2010 to 2014
| Mechanism | Author(s) | Year | Animal Model | Burn Model | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autophagy | Tan et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | Autophagy contributes to cell death in zone of stasis; autophagy and apoptosis peak at different time intervals |
| Xiao et al. | 2013 | Murine | Heated brass rod | Induction of autophagy (with rapamycin) decreases burn wound progression and improves wound healing | |
| Xiao et al. | 2014 | Murine | Heated brass rod | Autophagy is decreased and apoptosis is increased early in the course of burn progression in deep second-degree burns | |
| Inflammation | Begieneman et al. | 2012 | Murine | Heated copper stamp | Long term treatment with a C1 inhibitor post-burn improves wound healing and decreases local inflammation, particularly macrophage infiltration |
| Bohr et al.* | 2013 | Murine | Comb model, scald burn | Resolvin D2 prevents thrombosis of the DDVN, TNF-α secretion and secondary burn progression; Resolvin D2 does not reduce PMN infiltration | |
| Eski et al. | 2011 | Murine | Comb model | Cerium nitrate baths immediately after burn injury prevent progressive tissue necrosis in the zone of stasis | |
| Friedrich et al. | 2013 | Murine | Heated brass disk | TNF-α conjugated to HA more effectively prevent burn progression and decrease inflammatory markers compared to TNF-α alone or mixed with HA | |
| Rizzo et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | Systemic hypothermia after thermal injury decreases levels of tissue remodeling genes, increase expression of skin protective genes and reduce burn conversion | |
| Singer et al.** | 2011 | Murine | Comb model | Curcumin reduces burn wound progression when administered after burn injury | |
| Sun et al. | 2012 | Murine | Heated brass disk | Topical antibodies to TNF-α, but not IL-6, reduce burn wound progression | |
| Ischemia | Bohr et al.† | 2013 | Murine | Scald burn | Alternative EPO-mediated signaling lessens TNF-α secretion, decreases microvascular thrombosis and reduces burn wound conversion |
| Fourman et al. | 2013 | Porcine | Comb burn model | ICG angiography delineates viable versus noviable tissue in the zone of injury up to 1 hour post-burn | |
| Hirth et al. | 2013 | Porcine | Heated aluminum bar | Endothelial cell necrosis at 1 hour post burn is predictive of apoptosis at 24 hours and tissue necrosis at 7 days; the zone of stasis is comprised of two vertically-divided subzones based on endothelial cell necrosis | |
| Tobalem et al. | 2012 | Murine | Comb model | Early (45 minute), but not late (6 hour) EPO treatment post-burn decreases burn progression | |
| Tobalem et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | EPO decreases secondary burn progression in a dose-dependent manner, independent of iNOS expression, anti-inflammatory or angiogenic effects | |
| Tobalem et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | Immediate application of warm water to burn wounds improves early perfusion and decreases zone of stasis necrosis | |
| Yuhua et al.† | 2012 | Murine | Heated brass rod | Systemic treatment with Poloxamer 188 reduces burn wound progression in deep second-degree burns | |
| ROS | Deniz et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | N-acetylcysteine prevents secondary tissue necrosis in the zone of stasis |
| Shalom et al. | 2011 | Murine | Comb model | Prophyalactic treatment with recombinant copper-zinc SOD does not improve zone of stasis survival | |
| Other | Macri et al. | 2013 | Porcine | Comb model | Immediate burn excision does not prevent burn progression in surrounding zone of stasis |
| Oksuz et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | Subcutaneous MSC injections 30 minutes post-burn decrease apoptosis in the zone of stasis and necrosis in the zone of stasis | |
| Singer et al. | 2010 | Porcine | Comb model | Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement of burn eschar reduces tissue necrosis in the zone of stasis compared to controls | |
| Singer et al. | 2013 | Murine | Comb model | Systemic MSC treatment 1 hour after burn injury reduces necrosis in the zone of stasis by around 20% | |
| Turkaslan et al. | 2010 | Murine | Comb model | HBOT increases cells in the proliferative phase at 24 hours post-burn, increases tissue perfusion at 5 days post-burn, and decreases secondary necrosis in the zone of stasis |
PMN, Polymorphonuclear neutrophil; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; HA, Hyaluronic acid; IL-6, Interleukin-6; ICG, Indocyanine green; EPO, Erythropoietin; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; HBOT, Hyperbaric oxygen treatment; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; MSC, Mesenchymal stem cell.
Study also addressed *ischemia, **ROS, and †inflammation