Table 3.
Current policy efforts to curve the non-communicable diseases epidemic among mega-countries
| Country | Tobaccoa | Alcoholb | Salt (SI/SR)c | SSBsd | Breastfeedinge | National plan to promote physical activity |
| Low/middle HDI | ||||||
| Bangladesh | T: 76%, AVE: 61%, VAT: 15% | LMA: No, VAT: 15%, ET: N/A | Yes/Yes | – | EB: 97.8%, EBF < 6m: 42.9%, BFP: yes | Yes |
| Ethiopia | T: 18.77%, AVE: 13.9%, VAT: 4.87% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 15%, ET: b50%, w50%, s100% | Yes/– | – | EB: 96%, EBF < 6m: 49%, BFP: yes | N/A |
| Nigeria | T: 20.63%, AVE: 15.87%, VAT: 4.76% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 5%, ET: b2%, w2%, s2% | Yes/– | – | EB: 97.3%, EBF < 6m: 13.1%, BFP: yes | No |
| Pakistan | T: 60.70%, SE: 46.17%, VAT: 14.53% | LMA: 21y, VAT: No, ET: N/A | Yes/– | – | EB: 94.3%, EBF < 6m: 37.1%, BFP: – | N/A |
| India | T: 60.39%, SE: 42.45%, AVE: 1.27%, VAT: 16.67% | LMA: subnational, VAT: No, ET: N/A | Yes/– | Considering tax MUFB | EB: 95.7%, EBF < 6m: 46.4%, BFP: yes | Yes |
| Indonesia | T: 53.40%, SE: 40.91%, AVE: 4.09%, VAT: 8.40% | LMA: 21y, VAT: 10%, ET: N/A | Yes/Yes | Considering tax | EB: 95.2%, EBF < 6m: 32.4%, BFP: – | Yes |
| Philippines | T: 74.27%, SE: 63.55% VAT: 10.71% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 12%, ET: N/A | Yes/Yes | Considering tax | EB: 87.7%, EBF < 6m: 34%, BFP: yes | N/A |
| Vietnam | T: 41.59%, AVE: 32.50% VAT: 9.09% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 10%, ET: b45%, w45%, s45% | Yes/Yes | – | EB: 97.7%, EBF < 6m: 16.9%, BFP: yes | Yes |
| High/very high HDI | ||||||
| Brazil | T: 64.94%, SE: 20.87%, AVE: 8.10%, VAT: 25%, OT: 10.97% | LMA: 18y, VAT: N/A, ET: b6%, w6%, s5% | –/Yes | Considering tax MUFB | EB: 96.4%, EBF < 6m: 39.8%, BFP: yes | Yes |
| China | T: 44.43%, SE: 0.60%, AVE: 29.30%, VAT: 14.53% | LMA: No, VAT: 17%, ET: bN/A, w1%, s2% | Yes/Yes | MUFB | EB: –, EBF < 6m: –, BFP: yes | Yes |
| Mexico | T: 65.87%, SE: 15.56%, AVE: 36.52%, VAT: 13.79% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 16%, ET: b25%, w25%, s50% | Yes/Yes | Approved tax MUFB | EB: 92.3%, EBF < 6m: 20.3%, BFP: yes | Yes |
| Russian Federation | T: 47.63%, SE: 23.88%, AVE: 8.50%, VAT: 15.25% | LMA: 18y, VAT: 18%, ET: N/A | Yes/– | – | EB: –, EBF < 6m: –, BFP: yes | No |
| Japan | T: 64.36%, SE: 56.95%, VAT: 7.41% | LMA: 20y, VAT: 5%, ET: b5%, w5%, s5% | –/Yes | – | EB: –, EBF < 6m: 21% BFP: yes | Yes |
| United States | T: 42.54%, SE: 37.38% VAT: 5.16% | LMA: 21y, VAT: No, ET: b$3.75, w$0.72%, l$0.2a | Yes/Yes | Approved tax in 1 city. Considering tax in other states MUFB | EB: 73.9%, EBF < 6m: 13.6%, BFP: yes | Yes |
HDI, human development index; N/A, not available; NCD, noncommunicable diseases.
aTobacco: (taxes on the most sold brand of cigarettes (% of retail price)), (T – total, ADE – Ad valorem excise, SE – Specific excise, VAT – value added tax, OT – Other taxes).
bAlcohol (LMA – legal minimum age, ET – excise tax as a percent of the retail price of alcoholic beverages. B – beer, w – wine, s – spirits, l – liquor) *$ per gallon.
cSalt (SI – salt iodization, SR – salt reduction).
dMUFB – Marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children.
eBreastfeeding (EB – ever breastfed, EBF < 6m – exclusive < 6 months breastfeeding, BFP – breastfeeding promotion).