Table 3.
Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of CCC, CFCC, and CAF in the Drosophila wing spot test.
| Compound | Clones per wings (number of spots)(1) | Frequency of clone formation per 105 cells(2) | Recombination (%)(3) | IP (%)(4) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of wings | Small single spots (1-2 cells) m = 2 |
Large simple spots (>2 cells) m = 5 |
Twin spots m = 5 |
Total spots m = 2 |
Observed | Control corrected | |||
| H2O | |||||||||
| mwh/flr 3 | 80 | 0.25 (20) | 0.013 (1) | 0 | 0.263 (21) | 1.078 | |||
| mwh/TM3(5) | 80 | 0.04 (3) | 0 | 0.04 (3) | 0.17 | ||||
| H2O2 (0.15 M) | |||||||||
| mwh/flr 3 | 80 | 0.313 (25) | 0.088 (7) | 0.038 (3) | 0.438 (35)+ | 1.795 | 0.717 | 54.37 | |
| mwh/TM3 | 80 | 0.188 (15) | 0.013 (1) | 0.20 (16) | 0.819 | 0.286 | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Simple treatment (mwh/flr 3) | |||||||||
| CCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 80 | 0.275 (22) | 0.025 (2) | 0 | 0.3 (24)− | 1.23 | 0.152 | ||
| [100] | 78 | 0.19 (15) | 0.038 (3) | 0.026 (2) | 0.256 (20)− | 1.05 | −0.028 | ||
| CFCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 80 | 0.175 (14) | 0.075 (6) | 0 | 0.25 (20)− | 1.025 | −0.053 | ||
| [100] | 80 | 0.225 (18) | 0.075 (6) | 0 | 0.3 (24)− | 1.23 | 0.152 | ||
| Caffeine (mM) | |||||||||
| [0.016] | 80 | 0.26 (21) | 0.03 (3) | 0 | 0.3 (24)− | 1.23 | 0.152 | ||
| [0.51] | 86 | 0.21 (18) | 0.058 (5) | 0.012 (1) | 0.28 (24)− | 1.148 | 0.07 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Combined treatment (mwh/flr 3) | |||||||||
| CCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 82 | 0.11 (9) | 0.037 (3) | 0 | 0.146 (12)∗ | 0.6 | −0.478 | 74.6 | 166.67 |
| [100] | 83 | 0.217 (18) | 0.048 (4) | 0 | 0.265 (22)∗ | 1.086 | 0.008 | 69.8 | 98.88 |
| CFCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 82 | 0.195 (16) | 0.073 (6) | 0 | 0.268 (22)∗ | 1.1 | 0.022 | 55.5 | 96.93 |
| [100] | 80 | 0.175 (14) | 0.05 (4) | 0 | 0.225 (18)∗ | 0.922 | −0.156 | 64.4 | 121.76 |
| Caffeine (mM) | |||||||||
| [0.016] | 80 | 0.16 (13) | 0.025 (2) | 0 | 0.188 (15)∗ | 0.77 | −0.308 | 89.6 | 142.96 |
| [0.51] | 80 | 0.325 (26) | 0.125 (10) | 0 | 0.45 (36)Δ | 1.844 | 0.766 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Combined treatment (mwh/TM3) | |||||||||
| CCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 79 | 0.038 (3) | 0 | 0.038 (3)∗ | 0.158 | −0.35 | |||
| [100] | 80 | 0.08 (6) | 0 | 0.08 (6)∗ | 0.328 | −0.21 | |||
| CFCC (mg/mL) | |||||||||
| [3.125] | 82 | 0.12 (10) | 0 | 0.12 (10)β | 0.49 | 0.32 | |||
| [100] | 80 | 0.08 (6) | 0 | 0.08 (6)∗ | 0.328 | 0.158 | |||
| Caffeine (mM) | |||||||||
| [0.016] | 82 | 0.02 (2) | 0 | 0.02 (2)∗ | 0.08 | −0.09 | |||
| [0.51] | |||||||||
(1)Statistical diagnosis according to Frei and Würgler [44]: + (positive) and − (negative) versus negative control; ∗ (positive), Δ (negative), and β (inconclusive) versus respective positive control; m: multiplication factor. Kastenbaum-Bowman Test without Bonferroni correction; probability levels: α = β = 0.05. Number of spots in parentheses.
(2)Frequency of clone formation: clones/wings/24,400 cells.
(3)Recombination percentage is calculated according to Valadares et al. [38].
(4)Inhibition percentage values were included when appropriate.
(5)Balancers-heterozygous wings.