Table 1.
Characteristics of the individual studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis
| First author year of publication | Location | Age years |
Male (%) | Sample size | Study design | Exposure definition | Adjustments | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muckadell 197632 | Denmark | 40–59 | 100 | 312 | Case–control | NA | NA | Gout (physician diagnosed) |
| Curb 198633 | USA | 54.1 | 100 | 5858 | Cohort | 0 cups/day, 1–2 cups/day, 3–4 cups/day, 5–6 cups/day, 7–8 cups/day, >9 cups/day | NA | SUA |
| Kiyohara 199934 | Japan | 52.0 | 100 | 2240 | Cross-sectional | <1 cup/day, 1–2 cups/day, 3–4 cups/day, >5 cups/day | Hospital, age, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum creatinine, systolic blood pressure, BMI, rank, beer, alcohol, smoking status, meat, dairy products and green tea | SUA |
| Yuan 200035 | Taiwan | NA | NA | 96 | Case–control | Ever, never | NA | SUA |
| Choi 200737 | USA | 54.0 | 100 | 45 869 | Cohort | 0 cups/day, <1 cup/day, 1–3 cups/day, 4–5 cups/day, >6 cups/day | Age, total energy intake, BMI, diuretic use, history of hypertension, history of renal failure, intake of alcohol, total meats, seafood, purine-rich vegetables, dairy foods, total vitamin C, decaffeinated coffee, tea |
Gout (gout criteria of the American College of Rheumatology) |
| Choi 200736 | USA | 45.0 | 46.8 | 14 758 | Cross-sectional | 0 cups/day, <1 cup/day, 1–3 cups/day, 4–5 cups/day, >6 cups/day | Age, sex, smoking status, BMI, smoking; use of diuretics, β-blockers, allopurinol, uricosuric agents, hypertension, glomerular filtration rate, alcohol, total meats, seafood, dairy foods, decaffeinated coffee, tea |
SUA, HU (SUA level >6.0 mg/dL) |
| Choi 201038 | USA | 46.0 | 0 | 89 433 | Cohort | 0 cups/day, <1 cup/day, 1–3 cups/day, >4 cups/day | Age, total energy intake, BMI, menopause, use of hormonal replacement, diuretic use, history of hypertension, intakes of alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, total meats, seafood, chocolate, dairy foods, total vitamin C, decaffeinated coffee, tea | Gout (gout criteria of the American College of Rheumatology) |
| Pham 201039 | Japan | 62.3 | 42.6 | 11 662 | Cross-sectional | 0 cups/day, <1 cup/day, 1–3 cups/day, 4–6 cups/day, ≥7 cups/day | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, work-related physical activity, leisure-time physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, eGFR, seafood intake | SUA, HU (SUA level >7.0 mg/dL) |
| Chuang 201140 | Taiwan | >19 | 47.5 | 4640 | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | SUA, HU (SUA level >7.7 mg/dL in men and >6.6 mg/dL in women, or use of uric acid-lowering drugs) gout (self-report) |
| Teng 201341 | Singapore | 57.6 | 44.3 | 483 | Cross-sectional | Non-drinkers, monthly drinkers, weekly drinkers, daily drinkers | Cholesterol, creatinine, HbA1c, triglycerides, age, gender, BMI, education, cigarette smoking status, physical activity status, hypertension at baseline, dairy products, red meat, fish, alcohol, green tea, black tea, soda, fruit juice | SUA, HU (SUA level >6 mg/dL) |
| Bae 201542 | Korea | 61.9 | 37.9 | 9400 | Cross-sectional | <0.1 g/day, 0.1–2.1 g/day, 2.2–4.1 g/day, 4.2–8.1 g/day, ≥8.2 g/day in males; <0.1 g/day, 0.1–0.6 g/day, 0.7–2.7 g/day, 2.8–4.1 g/day, ≥4.2 g/day in females (g/day means grams of coffee consumed every day) | Age, education, marital status, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, BMI, triglyceride, fasting serum glucose, hypertension medication, glomerular filtration rate, total energy, vitamin c, meat intake, seafood intake, dairy food intake, soft drink intake, added sugar in coffee, added cream in coffee. | SUA, HU (SUA>7.0 mg/dL in males and >6.0 mg/dL in females) |
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HU, hyperuricaemia; NA, not available; SUA, serum uric acid.