Table 1.
Distribution of characteristics, unadjusted and adjusted OR for factors associated with non-use of postnatal care services in Nigeria, 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)
| N | %* (95% CI) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Environmental factor | ||||
| Residence type | ||||
| Urban | 7278 | 36.8 (33.4 to 40.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 13 189 | 69.4 (67.1 to 71.5) | 3.89 (3.20 to 4.73) | 1.69 (1.40 to 2.06) |
| Geopolitical zone | ||||
| North Central | 2890 | 50.2 (45.4 to 55.1) | Ref | |
| North East | 3434 | 67.7 (63.7 to 71.5) | 2.08 (1.59 to 2.71) | |
| North West | 7445 | 80.6 (77.1 to 83.6) | 4.11 (3.09 to 5.47) | |
| South East | 1719 | 38.7 (34.9 to 42.7) | 0.63 (0.48 to 0.81) | |
| South West | 2002 | 35.3 (31.4 to 39.4) | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.70) | |
| South South | 2977 | 22.6 (18.6 to 27.2) | 0.29 (0.21 to 0.40) | |
| Sociodemographic factor | ||||
| Household wealth index | ||||
| Rich | 3604 | 20.4 (17.8 to 23.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Middle | 7576 | 47.1 (44.6 to 49.6) | 3.48 (2.90 to 4.17) | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.34) |
| Poor | 9287 | 81.0 (79.2 to 82.7) | 16.7 (13.6 to 20.5) | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.05) |
| Mother's education | ||||
| Secondary or higher | 6758 | 29.0 (27.0 to 31.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 3915 | 51.2 (48.7 to 53.7) | 2.57 (2.29 to 2.89) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.12) |
| No education | 9794 | 80.3 (78.4 to 82.0) | 9.97 (8.55 to 11.6) | 1.37 (1.17 to 1.61) |
| Mother's working status | ||||
| Working | 13 190 | 53.1 (50.9 to 55.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Not working | 7258 | 66.4 (63.6 to 69.0) | 1.75 (1.54 to 1.97) | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92) |
| Mother's age (years) | ||||
| <20 | 2813 | 66.5 (63.7 to 69.2) | Ref | |
| 20–29 | 10 079 | 56.8 (54.5 to 59.0) | 0.66 (0.59 to 0.74) | |
| 30–39 | 6329 | 54.6 (52.3 to 56.8) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) | |
| 40–49 | 1246 | 62.2 (58.7 to 65.6) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | 19 397 | 58.5 (56.5 to 60.4) | Ref | |
| Formerly/never married | 1070 | 45.3 (41.1 to 49.6) | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.70) | |
| Father's education | ||||
| Secondary or higher | 8372 | 36.5 (34.3 to 38.8) | Ref | |
| Primary | 3661 | 56.4 (53.6 to 59.1) | 2.25 (1.99 to 2.54) | |
| No education | 7785 | 82.2 (80.3 to 84.0) | 8.04 (6.87 to 9.42) | |
| Birth rank and birth interval (years) | ||||
| 2nd or 3rd child, interval >2 | 7053 | 53.8 (51.3 to 56.2) | Ref | |
| First child | 3670 | 48.0 (45.3 to 50.7) | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.87) | |
| 2nd or 3nd child, interval ≤2 | 2094 | 54.9 (51.5 to 58.2) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | |
| 4th or more child, interval >2 | 6020 | 66.2 (64.2 to 68.2) | 1.69 (1.54 to 1.85) | |
| 4th or more child, interval ≤2 | 1630 | 69.5 (66.5 to 72.3) | 1.95 (1.70 to 2.25) | |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 10 282 | 57.3 (55.2 to 59.4) | Ref | |
| Female | 10 185 | 58.2 (56.1 to 60.3) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) | |
| Health knowledge | ||||
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||||
| At least once a week | 1228 | 22.0 (19.0 to 25.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Less than once a week | 1716 | 24.2 (21.2 to 27.5) | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.41) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.45) |
| Never | 17 393 | 63.5 (61.6 to 65.4) | 6.19 (5.11 to 7.51) | 1.40 (1.09 to 1.79) |
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
| At least once a week | 7317 | 43.7 (41.3 to 46.1) | Ref | |
| Less than once a week | 5131 | 54.9 (51.8 to 58.0) | 1.57 (1.37 to 1.79) | |
| Never | 7951 | 72.6 (70.6 to 74.5) | 3.41 (3.02 to 3.85) | |
| Frequency of watching television | ||||
| At least once a week | 6027 | 31.0 (28.7 to 33.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Less than once a week | 3517 | 45.6 (42.2 to 48.9) | 1.87 (1.61 to 2.17) | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.41) |
| Never | 10 833 | 76.7 (74.8 to 78.5) | 7.35 (6.30 to 8.57) | 1.63 (1.41 to 1.88) |
| Knowledge of delivery complications | ||||
| Yes | 9032 | 33.8 (31.8 to 35.9) | Ref | Ref |
| None | 11 283 | 76.9 (75.0 to 78.6) | 6.50 (5.71 to 7.40) | 2.05 (1.83 to 2.29) |
| Enabling factor | ||||
| Seeking permission to visit health services | ||||
| Not a big problem | 17 865 | 55.1 (53.1 to 57.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Big problem | 2502 | 76.7 (72.5 to 80.4) | 2.68 (2.13 to 3.36) | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.47) |
| Getting money to pay health services | ||||
| Not a big problem | 11 410 | 52.5 (50.1 to 54.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Big problem | 8956 | 64.5 (62.1 to 66.8) | 1.65 (1.47 to 1.85) | 1.26 (1.14 to 1.39) |
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Not a big problem | 13 907 | 51.0 (48.9 to 53.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Big problem | 6472 | 72.3 (69.7 to 74.9) | 2.52 (2.18 to 2.91) | 1.25 (1.12 to 1.40) |
| Wanting to be accompanied to health facility | ||||
| Not a big problem | 17 437 | 54.6 (52.7 to 55.6) | Ref | |
| Big problem | 2934 | 76.4 (73.4 to 79.1) | 2.69 (2.30 to 3.15) | |
| Behaviour of health workers | ||||
| Not a big problem | 16 928 | 55.4 (53.3 to 57.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Big problem | 3434 | 69.4 (66.4 to 72.1) | 1.82 (1.60 to 2.09) | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.36) |
| Need factor | ||||
| Contraceptive use | ||||
| Yes | 3260 | 26.8 (24.3 to 29.4) | Ref | Ref |
| No | 17 207 | 63.6 (61.8 to 65.5) | 4.78 (4.16 to 5.49) | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.28) |
| Wanted pregnancy at the time | ||||
| Wanted then | 18 368 | 59.5 (57.4 to 61.4) | Ref | |
| Wanted later | 1554 | 41.5 (38.2 to 44.8) | 0.48 (0.42 to 0.56) | |
| Unwanted | 444 | 40.0 (34.7 to 45.5) | 0.45 (0.36 to 0.57) | |
| Mother's perceived baby size at birth | ||||
| Large | 8996 | 54.6 (52.3 to 56.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Average | 8307 | 56.7 (54.2 to 59.2) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.15) |
| Small | 3026 | 69.4 (66.4 to 72.2) | 1.88 (1.64 to 2.16) | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.64) |
| Previous use of health services | ||||
| Delivery assistance | ||||
| Health professional | 8582 | 20.5 (18.9 to 22.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Non-health professional | 11 793 | 84.8 (83.2 to 86.2) | 21.1 (17.8 to 25.0) | 3.50 (2.88 to 4.27) |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Non-caesarean | 19 981 | 59.0 (57.0 to 60.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Caesarean section | 486 | 8.6 (6.2 to 11.7) | 1.44 (1.33 to 1.56) | 2.29 (1.61 to 3.27) |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Health facility | 7649 | 17.3 (15.7 to 19.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Home | 12 780 | 81.9 (80.3 to 83.3) | 21.6 (18.6 to 25.1) | 4.51 (3.75 to 5.43) |
*Weighted prevalence of non-use of postnatal care as reported by mothers interviewed during the NDHS, 2013.