Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for each outcome by use of diabetes drug (model C)
| Outcomes and drugs | No of cases | Person years | Rate per 10 000 | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cause mortality: | ||||
| Glitazones | 597 | 55 916 | 106.8 | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.84)* |
| Gliptins | 996 | 71 524 | 139.3 | 0.82 (0.77 to 0.88)* |
| Metformin | 17 109 | 1 066 516 | 160.4 | 0.59 (0.58 to 0.60)* |
| Sulphonylureas | 12 717 | 506 719 | 251.0 | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.12)† |
| Insulin | 2529 | 57 875 | 437.0 | 1.47 (1.41 to 1.53)† |
| Other diabetes drugs | 350 | 28 293 | 123.7 | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.91)* |
| Heart failure: | ||||
| Glitazones | 308 | 55 051 | 56.0 | 0.74 (0.66 to 0.83)* |
| Gliptins | 421 | 68 724 | 61.3 | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.95)* |
| Metformin | 6785 | 1 029 331 | 65.9 | 0.70 (0.68 to 0.73)* |
| Sulphonylureas | 4415 | 481 339 | 91.7 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08)‡ |
| Insulin | 686 | 52 634 | 130.3 | 1.32 (1.22 to 1.43)† |
| Other diabetes drugs | 192 | 26 950 | 71.2 | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.06)‡ |
| Cardiovascular disease: | ||||
| Glitazones | 699 | 47 374 | 147.6 | 0.75 (0.69 to 0.81)* |
| Gliptins | 912 | 56 414 | 161.7 | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)‡ |
| Metformin | 14 218 | 834 914 | 170.3 | 0.76 (0.74 to 0.78)* |
| Sulphonylureas | 7999 | 378 816 | 211.2 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03)‡ |
| Insulin | 985 | 39 870 | 247.1 | 1.23 (1.15 to 1.31)† |
| Other diabetes drugs | 396 | 22 152 | 178.8 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05)‡ |
Hazard ratios adjusted for: sex; age; calendar year; duration since diagnosis of diabetes (five levels); ethnicity (nine levels); Townsend deprivation score; smoking status (five levels); use of other diabetes drugs, anticoagulants, thiazides, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins, or aspirin, previous complications (blindness, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, amputation, severe kidney failure); hypertension; cardiovascular disease; atrial fibrillation; chronic renal disease; rheumatoid arthritis; valvular heart disease; peripheral vascular disease; body mass index; systolic blood pressure; haemoglobin A1c; serum creatinine level; cholesterol to high density lipoprotein ratio.
*Significantly decreased hazard ratio.
†Significantly increased hazard ratio.
‡Non-significant results.