Table 5.
Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for each outcome (model F)
| Outcomes by treatment | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart failure | Cardiovascular disease | All cause mortality | |
| No current treatment (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Monotherapy: | |||
| Metformin | 0.68 (0.65 to 0.71)* | 0.76 (0.74 to 0.79* | 0.64 (0.63 to 0.66* |
| Sulphonylureas | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07)‡ | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05)‡ | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.28)† |
| Insulin | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.44)† | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.37)† | 1.64 (1.55 to 1.74)† |
| Glitazones | 0.50 (0.26 to 0.97* | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.18)‡ | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18)‡ |
| Gliptins | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.31)‡ | 1.14 (0.85 to 1.54)‡ | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.44)‡ |
| Other diabetes drugs | 0.92 (0.58 to 1.46)‡ | 1.12 (0.79 to 1.59)‡ | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.33)‡ |
| Dual treatment: | |||
| Metformin and sulphonylureas | 0.74 (0.70 to 0.78)* | 0.75 (0.73 to 0.78)* | 0.62 (0.60 to 0.64)* |
| Metformin and insulin | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25)‡ | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.01)‡ | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.84)* |
| Metformin and glitazones | 0.50 (0.40 to 0.63)* | 0.46 (0.39 to 0.54)* | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.64)* |
| Metformin and gliptins | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.75)* | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.75)* | 0.52 (0.46 to 0.59)* |
| Metformin and other diabetes drugs | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.95)* | 0.73 (0.61 to 0.88)* | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57)* |
| Sulphonylureas and insulin | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.45)‡ | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.44)‡ | 1.49 (1.35 to 1.66)† |
| Sulphonylureas and glitazones | 0.65 (0.47 to 0.89)* | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.98)* | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.16)‡ |
| Sulphonylureas and gliptins | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.17)‡ | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.22)‡ | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.08)‡ |
| Sulphonylureas and other diabetes drugs | 1.46 (0.95 to 2.24)‡ | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.55)‡ | 1.33 (1.00 to 1.78)‡ |
| Triple treatment: | |||
| Metformin, sulphonylureas, and insulin | 0.91 (0.76 to 1.09)‡ | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09)‡ | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10)‡ |
| Metformin, sulphonylureas, and glitazones | 0.54 (0.45 to 0.64)* | 0.59 (0.53 to 0.66)* | 0.44 (0.38 to 0.50)* |
| Metformin, sulphonylureas, and gliptins | 0.60 (0.52 to 0.70)* | 0.70 (0.63 to 0.78)* | 0.49 (0.44 to 0.55)* |
| Metformin, sulphonylureas, and other diabetes drugs | 0.60 (0.46 to 0.77)* | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.74)* | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57)* |
| All other drug combinations | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.88)* | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.94)* | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.79)* |
*Significantly decreased.
†Significantly increased.
‡Non-significant.
Hazard ratios adjusted for: sex; age; calendar year; duration since diagnosis of diabetes (five levels); ethnicity (nine levels); Townsend deprivation score; smoking status (five levels); use of other diabetes drugs, anticoagulant thiazides, angiotensin coverting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins, and aspirin; previous complications (blindness, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, amputation, severe kidney failure); hypertension; cardiovascular disease; atrial fibrillation; chronic renal disease; rheumatoid arthritis; valvular heart disease; peripheral vascular disease; body mass index; systolic blood pressure; haemoglobin A1c; serum creatinine level; cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.